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3D-Thermal Modelling of a Bifacial Agrivoltaic System: A Photovoltaic Module Perspective
A Case Study of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon Var. Legend) Production and Water Productivity in Agrivoltaic Systems
A Combined Shading and Radiation Simulation Tool for Defining Agrivoltaic Systems
A Comprehensive Review of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies, Architecture, and Its Applications to Improved Efficiency
A Contingency Framework for Assessing the Commercial Potential of Utility-scale Agrivoltaics
A Cost–Benefit Analysis for Utility-Scale Agrivoltaic Implementation in Italy
A Criterion of Crop Selection Based on the Novel Concept of an Agrivoltaic Unit and M-matrix for Agrivoltaic Systems
A First Investigation of Agriculture Sector Perspectives on the Opportunities and Barriers for Agrivoltaics
A Mini-Review of Current Activities and Future Trends in Agrivoltaics
A Preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Solar Panels and Rotation Frequency on the Grazing Behavior of Sheep (Ovis Aries) Grazing Dormant Pasture
A Prototype Agrivoltaic Plant on the Area in the Experimental Farm at Tuscia University
A Review of Agri-Voltaic System in India: Opportunities and Constraints
A Review of Research on Agrivoltaic Systems
A Review on the Agri-voltaic and Fence PV System
A Standardized Classification and Performance Indicators of Agrivoltaic Systems
A Surface Energy Balance Model for Agrivoltaic Applications in Arid Regions
economically viable solution to address the land competition between two distinct productions and simultaneously maximize energy harvesting and agricultural yield. APVs are expected to possess the greatest results in arid regions where the solar resource is potential and there is a need for marginal land regeneration and improvements in food production. Particularly, APV systems can modify surface heat fluxes by increasing latent heat flux and consequently reducing sensible heat flux, which is expected to enhance PV panels' performance and boost crop productivity. This thesis simulates dynamical Agrivoltaic Energy Balance (APV-EB) to assess the potential of conventional photovoltaic technology compared with its performance in the bare soil scenario. The model is parameterized for the UAE's characteristic climatic conditions. One of the significant limiting climatic factors that compromise photovoltaic performance in arid and desertic regions is extreme heat, which this project will focus on. The study concluded that the PV natural cooling from crops under the panels in an APV setup
could be a valuable addition to improve PV thermal behavior and, consequently, power yield.
A Sustainable Development Pattern Integrating Data Centers and Pasture-Based Agrivoltaic Systems for Ecologically Fragile Areas
A Validated Model, Scalability, and Plant Growth Results for an Agrivoltaic Greenhouse
A combination of agricultural and energy purposes: Evaluation of a prototype of photovoltaic greenhouse tunnel
The succeeding goal instead aims to examine the shading of PV panels of a prototype greenhouse that enables an environmentally adapting to the intrinsic characteristics. The shading on crops is one of the major limits for the PV installation on the roofs of greenhouses because it causes problems regarding the usual sequence of agricultural activity. Until now many studies applied PV panels as covering material of greenhouses concentrated on flat structures. The present study investigates tunnel greenhouses which, due to their curved shape, do not lend themselves to accommodate easily PV panels on their coverage.
The shading variation was analysed inside our prototype greenhouse, by installing PV panels in a checkerboard arrangement. The transparent flexible PV panels, with dimensions of 1.116 m × 0.165 m, are manufactured using mono-crystalline silicon cells, with an efficiency of 18%, incorporated into polymers with high resistance. The difference and distribution of the shading percentage were examined regarding the surface area affected by the PV roof, the total area and the section of the greenhouse. Particularly, variations in the percentage of shading and the size of the shaded area have been observed on the twenty-first day of each month of the year.
Results exposed some consistency in the shading percentage, primarily because of the curvilinear shape of the section of the greenhouse. From mid-March to mid-September, the shading was practically and constantly inside the greenhouse during the daytime; while it was partly inside and partly outside the tunnel greenhouse during the remaining months. The percentage of shading with the PV arrangement adopted never exceeds 40% during the year.A coupling method using CFD, radiative models and a surface model to simulate the micro-climate
A dish-type high-concentration photovoltaic system with spectral beam-splitting for crop growth
A new predictive model for the design and evaluation of bifacial photovoltaic plants under the influence of vegetation soils
A non-traditional Agrophotovoltaic installation and its impact on cereal crops: A case of the BRRI-33 rice variety in Bangladesh
A novel agricultural photovoltaic system based on solar spectrum separation
A numerical simulation of the photovoltaic greenhouse microclimate
In this context, solar radiation distribution, thermal air, water vapor and the dynamics fields were simulated using the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model in two different prototypes of greenhouses (Asymmetric and Venlo) equipped with photovoltaic panels on their roof. Crop cover characteristics and the interactions between crops and airflow were taken into account. Two arrangements of photovoltaic panels array were tested straight-line and checkerboard.
A detailed description of the thermal, dynamic and radiation fields inside the greenhouses was obtained and the analysis of data collected during this study show that (i) solar radiation is more evenly distributed in the Venlo greenhouse than in the Asymmetric greenhouse. On average, the mean solar radiation transmission in the Asymmetric greenhouse is 41.6% whereas that of the Venlo greenhouse is 46%. (ii) Compared to the straight-line arrangement, the checkerboard photovoltaic panel setup improved the balance of the spatial distribution of sunlight received in the greenhouse.A photovoltaic greenhouse with variable shading for the optimization of agricultural and energy production
A review of the attributes of successful agriphotovoltaic projects
A review on opportunities for implementation of solar energy technologies in agricultural greenhouses
A review on semitransparent solar cells for agricultural application
A review study on the design and control of optimised greenhouse environments
ASTRO: Facilitating Advancements in Low-Impact Solar Research, Deployment, and Dissemination
Advanced Applications of Solar Energy in Agricultural Greenhouses
Advancement in Agriculture Approaches with Agrivoltaics Natural Cooling in Large Scale Solar PV Farms
Advances in Water Resources Management for Sustainable Use
Advances on the Semi-transparent Modules Based on Micro Solar Cells: First Integration in a Greenhouse System
Advancing agrivoltaics within the US legal framework: A multidimensional assessment of barriers & opportunities
Advantage of Agrivoltaics Across the Food-Energy-Water Connection
Agri-Voltaic System for Crop Production and Electricity Generation from a Single Land Unit
Agri-Voltaics or Solar Farming: The Concept of Integrating Solar PV Based Electricity Generation and Crop Production in a Single Land Use System
Agri-voltaic System: A Sustainable Approach for Enhancing Farm Income in Arid Western Regions of India
Agri-voltaic System: Crop Production and Photovoltaic-Based Electricity Generation from a Single Land Unit
Agri-voltaic System: PV Based Generation and Cultivation of Cash Crops
Agricultural Land Usage and Tourism Impact on Renewable Energy Consumption Among Coastline Mediterranean Countries
Agricultural Land: Crop Production or Photovoltaic Power Plants
Agricultural sustainability estimation of the European photovoltaic greenhouses
Agriphotovoltaic System to Improve Land Productivity and Revenue of Farmer
Agriphotovoltaics Code of Ethics
Agrivoltaic - Current Developments and a Case Study for Permanent Crops in Switzerland
Agrivoltaic systems can be classified into two categories, where the agricultural activity either takes place below the system (category I) or in between the system (category II). For both categories, semitransparent, mono- and bifacial PV modules are mostly used. New developments, such as concentrated PV using mikrotracking panels, are in the making but have not yet reached industrial production. Special mounting structures are required, which leads to a higher investment costs for both system categories compared to conventional, ground-mounted PV systems. Category I systems have the highest capital expenditure (CAPEX) followed by category II systems. The operational expenditure (OPEX) could be cheaper compared to conventional, ground-mounted PV, as the land management (e.g. mowing the grass and land security) is done by the farmer and leasing rates might be lower. The combination of category I agrivoltaic systems with permanent cultures, e.g. berries or apples, had the best overall score in a qualitative rating among the various systems. The agrivoltaic system would replace the already needed supporting structure for the fruit plant and serves additionally as weather protection, which could lead to increased fruit quality.
A case study for a cherry plantation at a farm in Forch, in the Canton of Zurich, showed that a yearly energy production of about 1’057 MWh per year could be achieved. This was based on the installation of customised PV panels with 33% transparency, a power output of 250 W per panel, and a total installed capacity of 1’090 kW for the almost one-hectare large field. The energy yield was calculated at 970 kWh/kW/a and 1’115 kW/ha. The system costs were estimated with 2’123 CHF/kW, which resulted in a CAPEX of about CHF 1.87 Million, including subsidies. OPEX were estimated with 21’147 CHF/a at a rate of 0.02 CHF/kWh, similar to integrated systems larger than 1000 kW. The revenue was calculated with 59’552 CHF/a, using an average electricity market price of 0.056 CHF/kWh. In a next step the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) were calculated, using 4% discount rate and a 30-year economic lifetime. The resulting NPV was negative and the LCOE 0.12 CHF/kWh, which is almost double the used market rate, both indicating that the project is not viable and would be a loss for the farmer. The chances for viability could be increased, if the system costs are decreased below a level of 1020 CHF/kW or by increased market rates beyond the current LCOE. Also, subsidies could be introduced to make agrivoltaic systems viable. First results indicate that an increased CAPEX subsidy would be more economical then a new rate-based subsidy.
The potential of large-scale adoption and contribution of this category I agrivoltaic systems to the Swiss energy mix was estimated using four selected fruit crops (apples, apricot, pears, cherry). The results indicate a potential of 171 GWh/a in the Canton of Zurich, and 4.9 TWh/a in the whole of Switzerland. Thus, the proposed agrivoltaic system for the four selected permanent fruit cultures could contribute 15% to the total needed PV capacity of 34 TWh in 2050.
Although the high-level case study indicated that the agrivoltaic system was not viable, a Land Equivalent Ratio of 166% could be achieved, still showing the increase of land-use efficiency for this project. The involvement of energy service providers could lead to beneficial partnerships with farmers. The CAPEX intensive agrivoltaic systems could be financed by energy providers, unlocking the potential to increase the national PV capacity with larger-scale installations compared to costlier rooftop PV systems, and providing farmers with another economic lifeline through attractive leasing rates. The farmers can benefit from a system that provides similar, or even better, weather protection then currently used nettings or plastic covers, reducing the risk of lower crop quality or loss of produce during extreme weather (e.g. hail storms or heat waves), which are projected to intensify due to climate change. However, the Swiss government needs to remove the high hurdles for such projects and facilitate the permitting process to increase the speed of adoption and implementation. Only then can this special opportunity be harnessed and its needed contribution to the nationwide PV target be realised to achieve the desired goal of net zero emissions by 2050.Agrivoltaic Engineering and Layout Optimization Approaches in the Transition to Renewable Energy Technologies: A Review
Agrivoltaic Farm Design: Vertical Bifacial vs. Tilted Monofacial Photovoltaic Panels
Agrivoltaic Implementation in Greenhouses: A Techno-Economic Analysis of Agrivoltaic Installations for Greenhouses in Sweden
The selected KPI’s were a near net zero energy consumption and irradiance underneath the Photovoltaics (PV) technology. The selected PV-technology was standard PV-modules, Semi-Transparent Module (STM) and Organic Solar Cell (OSC) PV. These technologies were paired with li-ion batteries between 0-100 kWh and simulated in the software System Advisor Model (SAM) over a 25 year period. The AV system was applied to two load profiles, one for indoor plants and one for tomatoes. The economic parameters calculated was Net Present Value (NPV), Net Capital Cost (NCC), and Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE).
The results showed that the system is efficient in summertime where the PV reached maximum capacity in summer and the battery works as a complement. In wintertime, the AV-system is not very efficient and most of the electricity comes from the grid. It was not possible to create a near net zero energy consumption including storage in Stockholm Sweden. The irradiance beneath the panels were at a maximum for OSC, it was slightly reduced for the STM, and below 50% for the standard PV-module, depending on the size of the AV-system. Depending on the shade tolerance of the plant, the PV-technology should be selected.
Agrivoltaic Modules Co-Designed for Electrical and Crop Productivity
Agrivoltaic Potential of Abandoned Farmlands in the National Capital Region of Japan
Agrivoltaic Potential on Grape Farms in India
Agrivoltaic Pretrial : Experiment Report
The results include significant differences in plant traits (chlorophyll content, leaf length, width, SLA) and harvestable fresh weight. Chlorophyll contents of lamb’s lettuce leaves were significantly higher when grown under solar modules compared to the control and behind modules. Leaves were significantly longer and wider and had a higher SLA under solar modules (p < 0.05). Across all cultivation rounds, fresh weight under and behind modules increased by 17% and decreased by 8%, respectively, compared to the control. However, the influence of treatments strongly varied with season. Lamb’s lettuces grown under solar modules had the highest fresh weight in cultivation round 1 and 3. Lamb’s lettuces behind the solar modules had the lowest fresh weight in round 1 and 2. In cultivation round 2, fresh weight was identical for lamb’s lettuce under the modules and in the control and slightly smaller in the zone behind the modules (-17%). In cultivation round 3, fresh weight increased by 67% and 16% under and behind the modules, respectively, compared to the control.
Our findings suggest that beneficial effects of agrivoltaics on crop growth are possible and – among other factors of influence – depend on the season. In the case of lamb’s lettuce, a preferential microclimate under solar modules can be assumed during winter months while its growing season may be potentially prolonged in late spring. Adverse effects were only observed in the area behind the modules with the lowest fresh weights in the first and second cultivation round.Agrivoltaic System Designing for Sustainability and Smart Farming: Agronomic Aspects and Design Criteria with Safety Assessment
Agrivoltaic System Impacts on Microclimate and Yield of Different Crops Within an Organic Crop Rotation in a Temperate Climate
Agrivoltaic System and Modelling Simulation: A Case Study of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Italy
Agrivoltaic System: A Possible Synergy Between Agriculture and Solar Energy
agrivoltaic systems that combine an agricultural and an electrical production on the same land unit are developed. A demonstrator was built in Montpellier (France) with different experimental arrangements to study the impact of a fixed and a dynamic solutions on the crops below the panels. The effect of shade on lettuces appears to be positive with a Land Equivalent Ratio greater than 1. To extend the experiment to other crops, the crop species best adapted to the agrivoltaic system are identified. The shade tolerance and vulnerability to climate change are key parameters to select crops that will benefit the most from the installation of PV panels. The SWOT analysis brings out that agrivoltaic systems can be a solution to maximize the land use and to adapt crops to climate change. The technical constraints imposed by the PV structure must be overcome to deploy this technology on a large scale. The greatest threat lies in the non-acceptability of the projects by farmers and the chambers of agriculture. An agrivoltaic project was developed in the South of France as a first testing area but was finally abandoned because of too important reciprocal constraints
for the farmer and the operator.
Agrivoltaic System: Estimation of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Under Solar Panels Based on Solar Irradiation Data Using All-Climate Solar Spectrum Model
This study focused on the photosynthetic photon flux density and employed an all-climate solar spectrum model to calculate the photosynthetic photon flux density accurately on farmland partially shaded by solar panels and supporting tubes. This study described an algorithm for estimating the photosynthetic photon flux density values under solar panels. The calculated data were validated using the photosynthetic photon flux density sensors. To calculate the photosynthetic photon flux density under the solar panels, it is essential to weigh the direct and diffused components shaded by the solar panels separately because they have different spectrums. A method to quantify the shading was explored here by solar panels and their supporting tubes for the direct and diffused component as the sun moves. The calculation formula was established by defining the sun's moves and the positions of solar panels and their supporting tubes in terms of elevation and azimuth angles from the observation point.
It was found that the waveform based on the calculation formula for the photosynthetic photon flux density under the solar panels reproduced the same tendency as the measured photosynthetic photon flux density. To evaluate this trend numerically, the measured and calculated photosynthetic photon flux densities were compared using the standard residuals. Generally, the similarity of the two values is confirmed by a standard residual value between −3 and 3. The result of this study showed that the standard residual values were negative in more frequencies except for the zero photosynthetic photon flux density at night. This indicates that the calculated photosynthetic photon flux density tends to be higher than the measured photosynthetic photon flux density. The peak frequency of the standard residuals was between −6 and −3. This difference probably occurred because the established calculation formula targets the shading provided by the solar panels and supporting tubes but does not cover the shading provided by the other system structures. The calculation formula enables farmers to evaluate the economic efficiency of the system before introducing it using measured solar irradiation data at the target farmlands by introducing published neighborhood solar irradiation data and considering, in advance, measures to avoid the effects of shading on agricultural production. The next study will be to improve the accuracy of the calculation formula by increasing the number of days and develop a method that leads to the best practices of agricultural production and solar power generation by introducing the system.Agrivoltaic System: Experimental Analysis for Enhancing Land Productivity and Revenue of Farmers
Agrivoltaic System: a Case Study of PV Production and Olive Cultivation in Southern Italy
Agrivoltaic Systems Design and Assessment: A Critical Review, and a Descriptive Model towards a Sustainable Landscape Vision (Three-Dimensional Agrivoltaic Patterns)
Agrivoltaic Systems Enhance Farmers’ Profits Through Broccoli Visual Quality and Electricity Production Without Dramatic Changes in Yield, Antioxidant Capacity, and Glucosinolates
Agrivoltaic Systems Have the Potential to Meet Energy Demands of Electric Vehicles in Rural Oregon, US
Agrivoltaic Systems and Just Energy-Agriculture Transition in Southeast Asia
Since the expansion of renewable energy increases land-use competition with agrifood production, policymakers should support measures to reduce renewable energy’s land footprints, mitigate adverse effects on food security, and protect the livelihoods of vulnerable populations that might be affected by land-use changes. In Southeast Asia, there are now rural development projects that integrate renewable energy with agrifood systems. While they may have long-term environmental and economic benefits, renewable energy solutions in agriculture are more expensive compared to fossil fuel technologies. Therefore, governments should consider providing subsidies, grants, and low-interest loans to encourage agrifood actors to invest in such technologies. Alternatively, investments can be made through cooperatives, and farmers could be offered “pay-as-you-go” payment plans for renewable-powered services. Research from other regions suggests that agrivoltaic systems – where solar panels are integrated with farmlands – have the potential to increase land productivity in food- energy production, support rural electrification, generate employment opportunities, and diversify and increase the incomes of agrifood actors through the sale of electricity and ecotourism activities.
To promote just transition, agrivoltaic projects can be organised as cooperatives where profits are shared among members. The energy and food produced can also be used to strengthen the energy and food security of low-income households. Research on agrivoltaic systems in Southeast Asia should also be strongly encouraged.
Agrivoltaic Systems and its Potential to Optimize Agricultural Land Use for Energy Production in Sri Lanka: A Review
Agrivoltaic Systems to Optimise Land Use for Electric Energy Production
Agrivoltaic Systems: An Innovative Approach to Combine Agricultural Production and Solar Photovoltaic System
Agrivoltaic Technology in India
panels are positioned at a height that allows for regular farming practices to be carried out below. Agrivoltaic systems improve water use efficiency and lessen water stress, which helps crop yield while also preserving agricultural land. Due to these advantages, interest in Agrivoltaic systems is growing, but their adoption is constrained by the lack of a comprehensive environmental and economic analysis. The reduced impact on land occupation and the stabilization of crop production are relevant added values that should be properly valorized in a future energy system dominated by increasing human land appropriation and climate change. This chapter explains the Agrivoltaic
system its concepts, research and development in India.Agrivoltaic arrays can maintain semi-arid grassland productivity and extend the seasonality of forage quality
•The development of agrivoltaic (AV) systems has primarily occurred in former grasslands. •Semi-arid grassland AV forage production and quality response to grazing is largely unknown. •No significant differences between ANPP in AV grassland and adjacent control grassland. •Response to grazing compensated or exceeded ANPP levels in the control grassland. •Grazing altered seasonality of forage, increasing forage protein content later in the season.
Abstract
The co-location of photovoltaic energy generation and agricultural land use (Agrivoltaics, AV) has become increasingly popular in recent years. Although the benefits of AV in croplands have great promise, the development of AV systems has primarily occurred in former grasslands and sites now managed as grasslands, because of their relatively flat topography and consistently high solar irradiation. Evidence is accumulating that grassland productivity can be maintained within solar arrays, but how grassland productivity responds to grazing within solar arrays is largely unknown, despite the prevalence of grazing as a vegetation management option. Here, we report the results of a study aimed at quantifying how a semi-arid C3 grassland growing beneath an AV system in Colorado (USA) responded to simulated grazing treatments (canopy removal in June or July). In the absence of simulated grazing, there were no differences between aboveground primary production in the AV grassland vs. an adjacent control grassland. However, simulated grazing in June and July had a compensatory effect and, in some cases, annual productivity exceeded that in the control grassland. Additionally, we found that simulated grazing increased forage protein content later into the growing season compared to un-grazed AV and control sites. Overall, our results indicate that grazing within a grassland AV array is unlikely to negatively impact forage production, and that forage quality in this semi-arid region may even be increased later into the growing season with grazing.Agrivoltaic in Chile – Integrative Solution to Use Efficiently Land for Food and Energy Production and Generating Potential Synergy Effects Shown by a Pilot Plant in Metropolitan Region
In addition, the rapid growth of the energy sector is highlighted, where Chile has ambitious goals on expanding non-conventional renewable energies. Here, solar photovoltaics (PV) present high potential due to the high irradiation levels especially in the northern region of Chile. This, added to decreasing PV system costs, allow solar PV installations going south closer to the energy consumption poles.
In the context of both trends, a system to combine agriculture with photovoltaics (APV) is presented as an inter- sectorial solution for food and energy production using the same land benefit from synergy effects like reduction of water evaporation and protection for crops, especially in arid/semi-arid zones. Additionally, first results of an APV pilot plant near Santiago of Chile are presented. Finally, conclusions are developed in addition to an outlook in order to provide a baseline of information for the usefulness of the concept in the country.Agrivoltaic system for energy-food production: A symbiotic approach on strategy, modelling, and optimization
Agrivoltaic system validation - implementation into a raspberry farm
Agrivoltaic, a Synergistic Co-Location of Agricultural and Energy Production in Perpetual Mutation: A Comprehensive Review
Agrivoltaic: A New Approach of Sustainable Development
Agrivoltaic: A Strategic Assessment Using SWOT and TOWS Matrix
Agrivoltaic: Challenge and Progress
Agrivoltaic: How Much Electricity Could Photovoltaic Greenhouses Supply?
Agrivoltaic: Solar Radiation for Clean Energy and Sustainable Agriculture with Positive Impact on Nature
Agrivoltaics Across the Water-energy-food-nexus in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges for Rural Communities in Mali
Agrivoltaics Align With Green New Deal Goals While Supporting Investment in the US’ Rural Economy
Agrivoltaics Analysis in a Techno-Economic Framework: Understanding Why Agrivoltaics on Rice Will Always be Profitable
Agrivoltaics Help to Realize BLUE Plan
Agrivoltaics Implementation on a Kiwi Farm: A Case Study
Agrivoltaics Mitigate Drought Effects in Winter Wheat
Agrivoltaics Potential in Romania - A Symbiosis Between Agriculture and Energy
Agrivoltaics Provide Mutual Benefits Across the Food–Energy–Water Nexus in Drylands
Agrivoltaics Using Bi-Facial PVs for Permaculture in Utility-Scale Projects
Agrivoltaics and Aquavoltaics: Potential of Solar Energy Use in Agriculture and Freshwater Aquaculture in Croatia
Agrivoltaics and Their Effects on Crops: A Review
Agrivoltaics and Weather Risk: A Diversification Strategy for Landowners
Agrivoltaics as a Promising Direction of Land Use for for Ensuring Global Energy and Food Security
Agrivoltaics for Farmers With Shadow and Electricity Demand: Results of a Pre-feasibility Study Under Net Billing in Central Chile
Agrivoltaics in Austria: A Stakeholder Perspective on the Opportunities and Constraints of Synergetic Land Use
Agrivoltaics in Color: Going From Light Spectra to Biomass
Agrivoltaics in East Africa: Opportunities and Challenges
Agrivoltaics in India: Fertile Ground? Multiple Social and Economic Benefits of Farmland Solar Are Possible – But Not Without New Policy Settings
This report reviews several features of agrivoltaics that make it especially relevant for India, as well as policy challenges that must be addressed if it is to reach its full potential. The factors that make the sector well suited to Indian conditions include: The outlook for energy needs and distributed renewable energy infrastructure Geographical characteristics of the solar resource, farmland coverage and land use patterns The capacity to address some of the socioeconomic challenges facing India’s rural sector The advantages of particular agrivoltaic panel configurations for local needs. In order for the agrivoltaics sector to move from the pilot project stage to more widespread adoption, several policy and regulatory obstacles must be removed. A benefit of having not been amongst the earliest adopter countries is that India can make good use of the policy and legislative responses these countries have already made to help resolve various legal, financial and regulatory challenges.
Lessons learned elsewhere and issues raised by Indian proponents of agrivoltaics form the basis for several recommendations about governance, research and knowledge dissemination, legal issues, incentives for adoption, and the protection of farmers’ interests, farmland and food production.Agrivoltaics in Italy: Technical and Economic Evaluations in the Current Regulatory Context
Agrivoltaics to Shade Cows in a Pasture-Based Dairy System
Agrivoltaics: A Climate-Smart Agriculture Approach for Indian Farmers
Agrivoltaics: Integrating Solar Energy Generation with Livestock Farming in Canterbury
With increased interest in energy generation of utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Aotearoa New Zealand, agrivoltaics provides the opportunity to increase the productivity of land, contribute to the generation of renewable energy without displacing food production, and potentially optimise farming and environmental outcomes. A significant area of Canterbury is classified as suitable for agrivoltaics and innovations in solar array designs and configurations are developing rapidly. In saying that, certain factors remain challenging, such as the increase in wind shear effects and financial expense when panels are elevated to reduce shading and prevent damage from larger grazing livestock, such as cattle. The trade-offs to consider when selecting the most appropriate design for agrivoltaic systems add additional complications. Some of the factors to balance include electricity generation, cost-effectiveness, degree of shading produced, ability to withstand the site environment, and ability to withstand livestock grazing underneath. Shade provision to mitigate heat stress risk, and sheltering from harsh weather, are perhaps the greatest potential benefits of agrivoltaics for livestock. However, given the condensed siting (eg, one paddock) of the panels, and limitations with cattle, the benefits are limited for the overall farming system. This may change as capital cost of PV investments decrease. Also, the impacts of agrivoltaics on crops and pasture in an Aotearoa New Zealand context are largely unknown. While much is known theoretically of the environmental impacts associated with the manufacture and end-of-life disposal and recycling of solar PV panels, there are relatively few mitigators and solutions at present in Aotearoa New Zealand. The end-of-life disposal and recycling is of particular consequence to this country, and will require rapid investment, development and likely legislation to create solutions and reduce future harm to the environment. In terms of environmental impacts on the farmland where agrivoltaic systems are located, there is, again, a lack of research to refer to, particularly in Aotearoa New Zealand. Case study analyses were carried out on a dairy farm and a sheep and beef farm, both located in Canterbury. These considered both technical design and financial analysis. The sheep and beef case study analysis indicated a significant opportunity for sheep and beef farmers to increase their profitability by incorporating agrivoltaics into their farming enterprise. This comes at a time of increased interest in complementary revenue streams due to reduced farmgate product prices, increased working expenses and increased compliance costs and associated administrative workload. The financial analysis of agrivoltaics in the dairy farm case study suggested it was significantly less lucrative and indicates that incorporation of solar generation on dairy farms might be best suited to non-productive areas and/or the installation of panels on shed roofs, rather than agrivoltaics.
A workshop was run that included both dairy and sheep and beef farmers. Attendees were initially presented with pertinent information regarding agrivoltaics, before being invited to participate in a design thinking inspired workshop to identify potential barriers and benefits of agrivoltaics and possible solutions to overcome the barriers to adoption. The participants’ feedback demonstrated that farmers were open to the idea of agrivoltaics, assuming it was financially viable and key concerns were addressed. The need for accessible and easily understood resources to inform decision making and provide confidence to engage in conversations and form partnerships with solar energy companies was identified as a key requirement going forward.
The study provides evidence that agrivoltaics is worthy of further consideration, particularly due to the way in which it offers solutions to some of the major challenges of standard utility-scale solar electricity generation. It is evident that the significant gaps in literature need to be addressed to further understand what the potential financial, environmental and social impacts are for the people of Aotearoa New Zealand.Agrivoltaics: Modeling the Relative Importance of Longwave Radiation from Solar Panels
Agrivoltaics: Opportunity and Challenges for India
Instead of potatoes, beans or tomatoes planted in the soil, solar panels covers that land, while energy is being produced. It’s obvious that traditional farming is relatively risky business because one is very much dependent upon the weather conditions. If there is just the right amount of sun, rain and if there are no extreme storms, strong winds and etc. Thus, not to worry about all these environmental factors and still get income is really uplifting and a bit too good to be true. Therefore, next to power generation, solar farms found another niche – agrivoltaics (or in other words APV). It is an amazing idea for environmentally conscious world, both agribusiness and society. However, it might haven’t happened if traditional farming wouldn’t be failing. Since 2010, when the cost of installing solar systems has dropped more than a half, solar farming started to bloom. Karlee Weinmann, a researcher at the Institute For Local Self-Reliance (ILSR), explains to Digital Journal the situation on American farmers why they chose to replace crops with solar arrays: “The prevailing reasons farmers decide to replace crops with solar are because the farmers are getting
older or because it’s easier and more lucrative for India too.”Agrivoltaics: Solar Power Generation and Food Production
Agrivoltaics: The Environmental Impacts of Combining Food Crop Cultivation and Solar Energy Generation
Agrivoltaics—The Perfect Fit for the Future of Organic Photovoltaics
AgroPV's Potential Opportunities and Challenges in a Mediterranean Developing Country Setting: A Farmer's Perspective
institutional challenges underlying insufficient social acceptance and institutional support. Using semi-structured interviews with the pioneer farmers, we explore the social and institutional challenges that may arise in implementing AgroPV systems in a developing country context—Turkiye—where there is currently no legislation on AgroPV. Still, the synergistic impact of AgroPV is highly probably due to climatic conditions in the Mediterranean setting. The pioneer farmers exhibit a highly positive attitude towards AgroPV systems reflecting that they recognize and highly value this synergistic potential. In particular, they are perceptive about how they may use AgroPV techniques to solve local problems, including those exacerbated by input dependency and climate change, beyond an abstract (economic or financial) opportunity dimension. In other words, there is a strong motivational drive for AgroPV given the challenges in Turkish agriculture; however, the weak institutional setting may channel farmers away from its adoption. Our interviews reveal that the institutional setting undermines predictability, which is vital in farmers’ willingness and ability to participate in long-term, capital-intensive projects such as Agrivoltaics. Bureaucracy’s distrust of potential investors, probably caused by low procedural capacity, seems to have bred a negative official attitude towards ‘dualuse’ innovations. This problem, in return, explains farmers’ negative experiences, such as red tape in receiving licenses and permits, contributing to their doubts about sustained government support. Understanding this institutional setting is crucial for overcoming the bias towards developed countries in the literature and providing a more informed
perspective before further legislative changes.
Agrophotovoltaic Systems: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities. A Review
Agrovoltaic: A Novel Technology for Doubling the Income of Farmers
Agrovoltaico: 10 years design and operation experience
Agrovoltaics: Step Towards Sustainable Energy-Food Combination
Albedo Effect in APV (Agrivoltaics): Finding and Implementing an Albedo Model for the APV Site in Kärrbo
powerplant can give more effective usage of the available area. The vertical double-sided panels used in this study are more dependent on the albedo compared to standard-mounted panels. This study searched for and implemented available albedo models and used research data gathered from the agrivoltaic site in Kärrbo Prästgård over two periods of different seasons. In-situ measurements were studied concerning the albedo's impact on power output with the focus on comparing albedo with power output during ground conditions Ley, Winter wheat, and snow. Two models were found and tested with the available in-situ data to validate if the models could predict the albedo, both daily and hourly during the different seasons. Most of the work on the models was coded in MATLAB. The impact of albedo was shown to differ between the two photovoltaic systems and the different ground conditions. The hourly albedo model produced a decent prediction, both on the summer set and winter set with input of site-dependent measurements of irradiance. The daily albedo model with the input of satellite data produced a good albedo prediction for both seasons. Both models
can be used to predict a more refined albedo value.An Algorithm for the Calculation of the Light Distribution in Photovoltaic Greenhouses
An Innovative Approach to Combine Solar Photovoltaic Gardens With Agricultural Production and Ecosystem Services
An Intelligent Greenhouse Monitoring and Controlling System with Agri-Voltaics Optimization
An Optimization Method for Local Consumption of Photovoltaic Power in a Facility Agriculture Micro Energy Network
An agrivoltaic park enhancing ecological, economic and social benefits on degraded land in Jiangshan, China
An analytical framework to estimate the economics and adoption potential of dual land-use systems: The case of agrivoltaics
Dual land-use systems allow for a high land-use efficiency and are becoming increasingly relevant amid the rising scarcity of land. Agrivoltaics is a prominent example, yet there are farming system-specific trade-offs when simultaneously producing agricultural output and photovoltaic power.
OBJECTIVE Our objective is to report a novel analytical Framework to assess the Economic benefits and the ADoption Potential of dual Land-Use Systems (FEADPLUS). The framework is developed with the goal of enabling a straightforward application in large farm-level datasets.
METHODS FEADPLUS is grounded in neoclassical economic theory and applied to the case of agrivoltaics. An annualized profitability condition is derived and decomposed to identify the main components determining the agrivoltaic systems' economic viability, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of farm-specific synergies and trade-offs. Modifications enable calculation of the break-even electricity tariff and the relative change in agricultural contribution margin below the agrivoltaic system. The framework's functionality is demonstrated using data for cereal and vegetable farming systems on the Filder Plain, Southern Germany.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We show that farm-specific characteristics explain differences in the adoption potential under equal solar radiations. Cereal and vegetable farms could adopt agrivoltaics at a tariff of 8.63 and 9.00 EUR-cents kWh−1, respectively. Yet, the agricultural contribution margins from land cultivated below the agrivoltaics system decline by 40.3% and 73.9%, respectively. The decline is due to shading effects on crop yields, higher machinery and labor costs, and the foregone agricultural contribution margins from area lost due to the agrivoltaics mounting structure. In the presence of such trade-offs, the adoption of agrivoltaics is more profitable for farms growing low-value crops, such as cereals, than high-value crops like vegetables. Our sensitivity analyses show that this may change if there are synergies, e.g., positive shading effects on yield. Moreover, they indicate that agricultural contribution margins in some scenarios, which could incentivize farmers to abandon farming below the agrivoltaics system. This highlights the need for policymakers to put adequate safeguards in place.
SIGNIFICANCE
Dual land-use systems are still understudied, but their high land-use efficiency becomes increasingly relevant in light of the mounting pressures on land. FEADPLUS is the first framework that allows estimation of economic benefits and adoption potential across farming systems and specific technology setups under different policy designs. To this end, it meets researchers' demands for a simple tool and allows for many extensions, e.g., incorporation of stochastics or aspects of (dynamic) optimization and economies of scale.An improved photovoltaic agriculture system with groove glass plate
An integrated multi-modeling framework to estimate potential rice and energy production under an agrivoltaic system
Analysis of Photovoltaic Agriculture Model Based on the Single Axis Tracking System
Analysis of Shadow by HCPV Panels for Agriculture Applications
Analysis of Weed Communities in Solar Farms Located in Tropical Areas‚ The Case of Malaysia
Analysis of internal shading degree to a prototype of dynamics photovoltaic greenhouse through simulation software
Analysis of the Microclimate Under Agrivoltaics
solar electricity production in the same surface area. The aim of the thesis is to study the effects of agrivoltaics on the microclimate and determine if there are differences in temperature under agrivoltaics compared to a control plot. The study takes place in Bierbeek, Belgium, where a pear orchard has been modified to accommodate the installation of agrivoltaics. The thesis is part of the wider HyPErFarm project, which aims to decrease reliance on fossil fuels in agriculture. We learn that temperatures and temperature variance play a big role in the development of plants and fruits. Ground and air temperature are reduced under agrivoltaics systems and they also impact the PAR. Multiple vertical strings of sensors capture and log the temperature gradient. By calibrating these sensors with frozen glycol, resolution is improved. Arduino unos in tandem with a raspberry Pi sample air and ground temperatures on different heights and locations in the field. Why 3D printed weather shields were essential in reducing cost and effectiveness. We are offered an insight in the data through visualizing air and ground temperatures trends and differences. The data is compared on 5 different heights and 2 different locations both under the agrivoltaics and compared to a control plot. Through statistical analysis we delve into the significances and their origins. Violin plots, box plots and QQ plots are used to visualize the different aspects of the gathered data. We discover a buffering effect created under the agrivoltaics and try to solidify these claims. This clear buffering effect might protect plants and budding fruits from frost and potentially heat during high temperatures. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the growing body of research on agrivoltaics by studying the effects of agrivoltaics on the microclimate. The findings provide insights into the potential benefits and caveats of agrivoltaics for crops and farmers. Overall, this research adds to our understanding of agrivoltaics and its potential role in meeting the challenges of climate
change and energy availability.Analysis of the Rice Yield Under an Agrivoltaic System: A Case Study in Japan
Analysis of the Viability of a Photovoltaic Greenhouse with Semi-Transparent Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Glass
Analysis of the agrivoltaic power plants and practical evaluations
Analysis of the internal shading in a photovoltaic greenhouse tunnel
Application of Photovoltaic Systems for Agriculture: A Study on the Relationship between Power Generation and Farming for the Improvement of Photovoltaic Applications in Agriculture
Application of organic photovoltaic materials (OPV) as greenhouse roof structures: A review
Applying a Relationally and Socially Embedded Decision Framework to Solar Photovoltaic Adoption: A Conceptual Exploration
Aquavoltaics: Synergies for dual use of water area for solar photovoltaic electricity generation and aquaculture
Assessing Agrivoltaics: Crops Under Solar Panels, or Solar Panels Over Crops?
Assessing Potential of Dual Use Solar Development in New Jersey Preserved Farmlands
Assessment and comparison of the solar radiation distribution inside the main commercial photovoltaic greenhouse types in Europe
Highlights •The solar light distribution was calculated on the main PV greenhouse types. •The effect of design criteria on the sustainability of PV greenhouses is estimated. •The available global radiation decreases by 0.8% for each additional 1.0% PV area. •Each additional meter of gutter height increases the global radiation of 3.8%.
•The N-S orientation allows averagely 24% more global radiation than E-W orientation.Assessment of Italian energy policy through the study of a photovoltaic investment on greenhouse
Assessment of New Functional Units for Agrivoltaic Systems
Assessment of a vertical Agrivoltaics installation in the area of Chanco, Maule Region in Chile
Highlights
•Maule region experiences drought, conflicts over water use and PV curtailments.
•Vertical AV could increase water use efficiency of irrigated agriculture in Chile.
•Vertical AV generates microclimate and therefore water need heterogeneities.
•Production profile of vertical AV could reduce the PV curtailment issues.
Assessment of the Ground Coverage Ratio of AgriVoltaic systems as a proxy for potential crop productivity
Assessment of the Impact of the Combination of Crops With Solar Concentrators on Their Productivity
Assessment of the ecological niche of photovoltaic agriculture in China
Association between Dynamic Agrivoltaic System and Cultivation: Viability, Yields and Qualitative Assessment of Medical Plants
Balancing Crop Production and Energy Harvesting in Organic Solar-Powered Greenhouses
Beyond Energy Balance in Agrivoltaic Food Production: Emergent Crop Traits From Color Selective Solar Cells
Bifacial Vertical Photovoltaic System Design for Farming Irrigation System
Bilayer luminescent solar concentrators with enhanced absorption and efficiency for agrivoltaic applications
Biodiversity and Solar – Tackling the Twin Crises
Biomass Production of a Sub-Tropical Grass Under Different Photovoltaic Installations Using Different Grazing Strategies
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to model pasture production for sub-tropical grass under different photovoltaic installations and assess the effects of different grazing methods on sub-tropical pasture productivity in Australia. METHODS: Pasture biomass production under a fixed-tilt array, single-axis tracking array, and dual-axis tracking array were measured for the calibration and validation of Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to simulate four different grazing strategies: (1) without grazing; (2) 21 days grazing interval; (3) 45 days grazing interval; and (4) continuous stocking. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The APSIM model showed satisfactory performance in simulating sub-tropical pasture production under different photovoltaic installations, with the best correspondence under the fixed-tilt array (observed value 6073 kg ha−1 and simulated value 6292 kg ha−1). As compared to full sun condition, biomass production was found to be 15.82, 13.53, and 8.03% higher with the fixed-tilt, single-axis tracking, and dual-axis tracking array, respectively. The model was then used in scenario analysis to evaluate pasture biomass production under different grazing strategies. Simulation results depict the grazing effect on pastures under the photovoltaic systems. Without grazing, maximum biomass production occurred under the fixed-tilt array (7798 kg ha−1) compared to under the single-axis tracking array (7671 kg ha−1), dual-axis tracking array (7186 kg ha−1), and full sun (6766 kg ha−1). In the case of 21 days and 45 days of grazing, the 25-year biomass production under the full sun was lower than all other systems. Compared to other treatments, the fixed titled array offers better performing pasture-grazing integration under a photovoltaic system. We found that models predicted that an increase in grazing pressure via continuous grazing had comparatively similar impacts on sub-tropical pasture biomass production irrespective of photovoltaic installations. Therefore, the potential exists to maximise land use efficiency where options are available to grow and graze pasture under photovoltaic installations
SIGNIFICANCE: This study confirms that the APSIM-Growth model, calibrated for Bambatsi Panic, can simulate pasture growth in different shading phenomena under the agrivoltaic system. Additionally, this simulation of the grazing systems is essential to identify crucial modelling and direct investigations that could expand knowledge of the procedures and relationships required for model development of pasture production under photovoltaic farms.CFD Study of Climate Conditions Under Greenhouses Equipped with Photovoltaic Panels
photovoltaic panels is a prerequisite for sustainable energy-saving greenhouse management. It can also help to improve designers in improving the design of these kinds of greenhouse while enhancing the radiation transmission inside. This study is an essential prerequisite for research on crop namely those adapted to specific conditions in greenhouses equipped with photovoltaic panels. With this mind, the solar radiation distribution, thermal air, water vapour and dynamics fields were simulated using the CFD model in two types of greenhouses (Asymmetric and Venlo) equipped with photovoltaic panels on their roof, as well as crop cover characteristics and the interactions between crops and airflow. A detailed description of the thermal, dynamic and radiation fields inside the greenhouse were obtained and the analysis of data collected during this study show that (i) the solar radiation is more evenly distributed in the Venlo greenhouse than in the Asymmetric greenhouse. On an average, the solar radiation transmission in the Asymmetric greenhouse is 41.6% whereas that of the Venlo greenhouse is 46%. These luminosity values are not well adapted to plant requirements. (ii) For the same boundary conditions, the Venlo greenhouse has a cooler climate than the Asymmetrical greenhouse (-3°C in summer and -3°C in winter). This effect is beneficial in summer, but not interesting in winter. The various different openings in the Venlo greenhouse help to maintain temperature control and a homogeneous climate
(temperature variation of 5°C in summer and 3.3°C in winter).COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT AGRIPV LAYOUTS IN TERMS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY YIELD OUTPUT
COVID-19 Technical Assistance Program: Agrivoltaic for Rural Economic Development and Electric Grids Resilience.
Can Solar Energy Fuel Pollinator Conservation?
Can We Have Clean Energy and Grow Our Crops Too? Solar Siting on Agricultural Land in the United States
Can synergies in agriculture through an integration of solar energy reduce the cost of agrivoltaics? An economic analysis in apple farming
This work analyses the economic performance of agrivoltaics in apple farming focusing on potential synergies and adverse effects regarding investment requirements and operational cost of the farming system. The analysis is based on literature, expert interviews, and data of three pilot projects in Germany. The results show that average investment cost from the farming system could be reduced by 26% mainly due to partially replacing the hail protection structure. Annual operating costs of the farming system reduce by up to 9% through lower cost for land and maintenance works. However, annual revenues also decrease by about 9% due to an expected reduction in high quality apple yield. Overall, the cost of apple production decreases by about 5%. Regarding the total cost of agrivoltaics, though, the potential contribution from cost savings in the farming sector to reduce the cost of electricity only amounts to <1%. The expected Land Equivalent Ratio of the analyzed agrivoltaic system amounts to 1.54.
The results indicate that agrivoltaics in orcharding is only economically feasible if the regulatory framework provides sufficiently high feed-in tariffs or comparable support payments. The work also shows that the theoretical potential of agrivoltaics in apple farming in Germany amounts to 23.8 GWp which could contribute to 13% of the PV development required to meet Germany's climate goals by 2030.Capital Costs for Dual-Use Photovoltaic Installations: 2020 Benchmark for Ground-Mounted PV Systems with Pollinator-Friendly Vegetation, Grazing, and Crops
Case Study on Power Generation from Agrivoltaic System in India
of the REE department of the College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, JAU, Junagadh (21.5 N, 70.1 E). According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the SPV power plant's performance was evaluated. The power plant was properly observed for whole year. Average system efficiency, capacity factor, and overall performance ratio were found to be 80.83%, 16.03%, and 12.07% respectively during the experiment. Total 10104.77 kWh were produced during the experimental period. The performance of this Agrivoltaic system is produce equivalent
solar power as it is from PV systems installed.Central Java Natural Condition for Agrivoltaic System Development
accompanied by a reduction in natural resources and energy. These natural resources are in the form of food needs. With the increasing demand for food and energy needs, there must also be the development of technology in the field of electricity generation. One of them is the development of the agrivoltaic system. Agrivoltaic is a concept that combines land use with the generation of electri- cal energy needs. The purpose of this study is to find out with data on natural conditions in Central Java whether it can be used for the development of an agri- voltaic system. Researchers have conducted research with plants that are suitable for the agrivoltaic system and based on the available data, these plants are widely planted in Central Java, including: peanuts, tomatoes, and green beans. Data on the amount of land with plants suitable for agrivoltaic development of 4,800 hectares is expected to produce 2,400 MWp of energy. This study concludes that it can provide an overview of the natural conditions of Central Java so that it can be used
as a reference for the development of the agrivoltaic system in the future.Challenges for Agrivoltaics in the International Context
Characterisation of Bioactive Compounds in Berries from Plants Grown under Innovative Photovoltaic Greenhouses
benefits of these fruit. Therefore, it is worthwhile to define the optimal environmental conditions to maximise their polyphenol content. OBJECTIVE: With the aim to define the optimal conditions for berry cultivation in an innovative environment, red rasp- berry, wild strawberry and blackberry plants were grown in a traditional greenhouse in comparison with two photovoltaic greenhouses with different shading area. METHODS: Hydroalcoholic extracts of ripe berries were evaluated by HPLC analysis, for their anthocyanins, organic acids and sugar contents. Moreover, phenolic content (by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay) and antioxidant activity (by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity-TEAC assay) were assayed on the same berry extracts. RESULTS: Total anthocyanins, phenols content and antioxidant capacity tended to increase in berries grown under shading. The sugars content was, mostly, not negatively influenced by the shading. Conversely, the organic acids content, in some instances, increased along with the shading percentage. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that it is possible to combine the greenhouse production of high-quality berries (with a particular focus on polyphenols, bioactive compounds valuable for human health) with the production of renewable energy,
in the context of sustainable agriculture.Characterization of Agrivoltaic Crop Environment Conditions Using Opaque and Thin-Film Semi-Transparent Modules
Characterization of an Experimental Agrivoltaic Installation Located in a Educational Centre for Farmers in Cordoba (Spain)
Circularity and Landscape Experience of Agrivoltaics: A Systematic Review of Literature and Built Systems
culture transitions and increasing public acceptance.
Peer-reviewed literature was used to examine which aspects of circularity and landscape experience were addressed in 16 international agrivoltaics cases. Critical performance indicators were used for circularity and spatial properties for landscape experience. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of ten Dutch agrivoltaic cases was conducted by examining their visibility, accessibility, patch configuration and agricultural land-use beneath the agrivoltaic system.
The results show that contribution to regional economy and vitality of the rural area is the most frequently mentioned circularity indicator, which is found in 82% of the international cases and 60% of the Dutch cases. Low visibility and low accessibility of agrivoltaic systems were found in the majority of Dutch agrivoltaic cases. Limited attention to landscape experience was found in the studied literature. This study provides valuable recommendations for research, farmers and policy makers for advancing transitions towards circular agrivoltaic
power plants that pay more attention to landscape experience.Clean Energy Consumption of Power Systems Towards Smart Agriculture: Roadmap, Bottlenecks and Technologies
systems have faced serious problems, such as the power supply shortage in agriculture, and difficulties of clean energy consump- tion in the power system. To address and overcome these issues, this paper proposes an idea to combine smart agriculture and clean energy consumption, use surplus clean energy to supply agriculture production, and utilize smart agriculture to support power system with clean energy penetration. A comprehensive review has been conducted to first depict the roadmap of coupling a agriculture-clean energy system, analyze their feasibilities and advantages. The recent technologies and bottlenecks are summa- rized and evaluated for the development of a combined system consisting of smart agriculture production and clean energy consumption. Several case studies are introduced to explore the mutual benefits of agriculture-clean energy systems in both the
energy and food industries.Climate Assessment of Greenhouse Equipped with South-Oriented PV Roofs: An Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics Study
Co-generation of Solar Electricity and Agriculture Produce by Photovoltaic and Photosynthesis—Dual Model by Abellon, India
Co-locating Food and Energy
Collaborative Optimization of PV Greenhouses and Clean Energy Systems in Rural Areas
Colocation Opportunities for Large Solar Infrastructures and Agriculture in Drylands
Combined Land Use of Solar Infrastructure and Agriculture for Socioeconomic and Environmental Co-Benefits in the Tropics
Combining Food and Energy Production: Design of an Agrivoltaic System Applied in Arable and Vegetable Farming in Germany
Combining PV and Food Crops to Agrophotovoltaic – Optimization of Orientation and Harvest
This conflict can be resolved by the concept of Agrophotovoltaics (APV), the combination of PV and agriculture at the same plot. This concept has received little attention although it was proposed long ago. We started by investigating plant growth under existing PV installations and found that many species of natural plants grow quite well under these conditions. From those studies conclusions can be drawn which crops can be cultivated together with PV. Three categories could be identified: Crops that benefit from some shading, crops that are not much influenced and crops that depend on maximum irradiation and are not suitable for APV. We also developed a simulation program that calculates global radiation at ground level inside rows of modules. A major result was that the conventional installation towards south leads to persistent shade and uneven ripening of crops. A solution is to orient the arrays towards south east or south west. A preliminary experiment with salad was carried out confirming these results. The realizable potential for Germany in a conservative estimate was found to be 53 GW which is equal
to the official goal for 2020. Much more potential can be expected for arid and semiarid regions.Combining Photovoltaic Modules and Food Crops: First Agrovoltaic Prototype in Belgium
Combining Solar Photovoltaic Panels and Food Crops for Optimising Land Use: Towards New Agrivoltaic Schemes
Comparative Analysis of PV Configurations for Agrivoltaic Systems in Europe
Comparative Analysis of Photovoltaic Configurations for Agrivoltaic Systems in Europe
Comparative Analysis of Two Agrivoltaic Systems for Nighttime Irrigation of Plain Vegetable Plots
Comparative Study on the Land-Use Policy Reforms to Promote Agrivoltaics
Comparison of Yield and Yield Components of Several Crops Grown under Agro-Photovoltaic System in Korea
Compatibility between Crops and Solar Panels: An Overview from Shading Systems
Complementarity of Variable Renewable Energy Sources
Comprehensive Evaluation of Integrated Applications of Photovoltaics: Case Study of Three Projects in Tianjin, China
Comprehensive Review on the Application of Inorganic and Organic Photovoltaics as Greenhouse Shading Materials
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Microclimate for a Vertical Agrivoltaic System
Conceptual Design and Rationale for a New Agrivoltaics Concept: Pasture-Raised Rabbits and Solar Farming
Conceptual Design of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Generator (PV/TEG) for Automated Greenhouse System
Conceptual Design of a Medium-Sized Combined Smart Photovoltaic - Agriculture System - Case Study in Malaysia
to Climate-Smart Agriculture may offer solutions for Sustainable Energy, Climate Change mitigation and Sustainable Agriculture. An overview of the scope, extent and options of such combined - Co-Located PV Agricultural System appropriate for South East Asian setting, in particular, Malaysia and Indonesia is elaborated, for preliminary insight on steps and choices that have to be taken in undertaking such venture. Possible photovoltaic (PV) system installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options are discussed. Technical, financing and procedural aspects that could assist in the implementation of a Co-located PV system at the site should then be studied for decision options. A brief
Framework for Conceptual Design of Co-Located PV-Agricultural System Plant is outlined.(!) : MATEC Web of Conferences; p.
(!)Consumer Study of Agrivoltaics Food Products Including Tomato, Basil, Potato, Bean, and Squash
Contrasting Yield Responses at Varying Levels of Shade Suggest Different Suitability of Crops for Dual Land-Use Systems: A Meta-Analysis
Coproduction of Solar Energy on Maize Farms — Experimental Validation of Recent Experiments
Cost–Benefit Analysis of Kaposvár Solar Photovoltaic Park Considering Agrivoltaic Systems
Could Windbreak Effect Significantly Decrease Evapotranspiration in Vertical Agrivoltaics?
Crop Cultivation Underneath Agro-Photovoltaic Systems and Its Effects on Crop Growth, Yield, and Photosynthetic Efficiency
Crop Production in Partial Shade of Solar Photovoltaic Panels on Trackers
Crop-Specific Optimization of Bifacial PV Arrays for Agrivoltaic Food-Energy Production: The Light-Productivity-Factor Approach
Crop-driven Optimization of Agrivoltaics Using a Digital-replica Framework
Cropland and Rooftops: The Global Undertapped Potential for Solar Photovoltaics
Current Status of Agrivoltaic Systems and Their Benefits to Energy, Food, Environment, Economy, and Society
Daylight Analysis inside Photovoltaic Greenhouses
the realisation of photovoltaic systems integrated with the structures instead of on ground PV plants. In this context, in rural areas, greenhouses covered with PV modules have been developed. In order to interdict the building of greenhouses with an amount of opaque panels on covering not coherent with the plant production, local laws assigned a threshold value- usually between 25% and 50%- of the projection on the soil of the roof. These ranges seem not to be based on scientific evaluation about the agricultural performances required to the building but only on empirical assessments. Purpose of this paper is to contribute to better understand the effect of different configurations of PV panels on the covering of a monospan duo-pitched roof greenhouse in terms of shading effect and energy efficiency during different periods of the year. At this aim, day lighting analysis was performed by means of the software Autodesk® Ecotect® Analysis on greenhouse model with different covering ratio of polycrystalline photovoltaic panels on the roof. Daylight refers to the level of diffuse natural light coming from the whole sky dome or reflected off nearby surfaces to provide illumination for internal spaces within a building. Daylight Factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of the illuminance at a particular point within an enclosure to the simultaneous unobstructed outdoor illuminance under the same sky conditions, expressed as a percentage. The covering ratio (CR) is defined as the ratio, expressed in percent, between the projection on the ground of the surface of the PV panels installed on the roof and the surface of the projection on the ground of the whole roof. Daylight factor was calculated on an horizontal plane at 50cm and 150cm and 250cm from the ground in three PV greenhouses with
CR=0%, CR=30% and CR=50%.Delayed Grape Ripening by Intermittent Shading to Counter Global Warming Depends on Carry-Over Effects and Water Deficit Conditions
Demand Side Management of Energy Consumption in a Photovoltaic Integrated Greenhouse
Design Considerations for Agrophotovoltaic Systems: Maintaining PV Area with Increased Crop Yield
Design Considerations for Vertical Bifacial Agrivoltaic Installations
Design and Analysis of a Tracking Backtracking Strategy for PV Plants With Horizontal Trackers After Their Conversion to Agrivoltaic Plants
Design and Assessment of Agrivoltaics Systems for Energy Cane Farms in Texas
19 pandemic, farmers in Texas are facing the difficult task of maintaining a profit from their agriculture business. The concept of agrivoltaics creates a system that integrates renewable energy generation and agriculture with one another. This allows farmers to continue receiving income through their agricultural business while providing energy resilience through an environmentally friendly approach. This project evaluates the potential of implementing an agrivoltaic system using solar panels in an energy cane farm located in Weslaco, Texas. The biomass crop is of interest for an agrivoltaic system as it is low input and is drought resistant. Various databases and industry standards are implemented to optimize and design the agrivoltaics system. Data collected from the energy cane farm in Weslaco, Texas is used throughout the project and aid in creating a maintenance schedule for the agrivoltaics system. Additionally, software such as HomerPro, SolidWorks, and MATLAB are used throughout the process to aid the optimization efforts of the system. The final conceptual design increased the vertical mobility of the structure by integrating a pulley system. The sensitivity analysis of the agrivoltaics system in an energy cane farm showed that increasing shading density decreased the dry biomass yield, but the optimal shading density for maximizing energy production depended on the potential for selling surplus energy to the grid
and the local cost of electricity.
Design and Concept of an Energy System Based on Renewable Sources for Greenhouse Sustainable Agriculture
Design and Development of a Symbiotic Agrivoltaic System for the Coexistence of Sustainable Solar Electricity Generation and Agricullture
Design and Development of a Symbiotic Agrivoltaic System for the Coexistence of Sustainable Solar Electricity Generation and Agriculture
Design and Evaluation of an Agrivoltaic System for a Pear Orchard
Design and Experiment of an Integrated Agro-Voltaic Solar PV System
Design and Optimization of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant in Case of Agrivoltaics
Design and Optimization of an Agrivoltaics System
Design and Simulation of Smart Greenhouse for Agrivoltaics Microclimates Optimization
Design and Test of Agri-Voltaic System
ground-mounted solar panel system was designed and constructed. After that, a plant plot sizing 1 x 7 m under this solar panel was design as well as 175 vegetations of bok choy were then grown. The potential of agri-voltaic system consisting of efficiency of solar power generation, the bok choy yield and the land equivalent ratio of system were monitored and evaluated. The system could generate power at around 1.05 kW/day (31.00 kW/month). In addition, 8.00 kg/plot of bok choy yield was obtained. The total value of both systems could make up to $6.34 a month ($3.73 and $2.61 from solar power generation and plant production,
respectively). The land equivalent ratio (LER) of system was 1.80 which was indicated that the agri-voltaic system could increase the land value up to 80%.Design and Testing of Highly Transparent Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules for Efficient Dual-Land-Use Applications
Design of Agri-Voltaic System Based on Concentrator Photovoltaic With Spectral Splitting
Design of Agrivoltaic System to Optimize Land Use for Clean Energy-Food Production: A Socio-Economic and Environmental Assessment
Design of Multi-Passband Polymer Multilayer Film and Its Application in Photovoltaic Agriculture
Design of a Smart Agri-Voltaic System for Irrigation Purposes Considering Major Crops
Design of an Agrivoltaic System Using 4.0 Technologies for Agricultural Farms on The Colombian Caribbean Coast
Colombia to increase the indicators of clean generation, thanks to the fact that it is inexhaustible and increasingly competitive. The installation of solar farms occupies large areas of land, which are no longer useful for agricultural production or maintenance of the environment. This article proposes an agrivoltaic system that will allow to carry out technological, agricultural and environmental studies based on industry technologies 4.0, as well as the coexistence of electricity generation and agricultural activity in agricultural
farms on the Colombian Caribbean coast.
Design of an Agrivoltaic System With Building Integrated Photovoltaics
Designing Farming Systems Combining Food and Electricity Production
Designing Plant–Transparent Agrivoltaics
Designing Solar Farms for Synergistic Commercial and Conservation Outcomes
Designing, Simulating and Technical Analysis of a 2 MW On-grid Photovoltaic System for Agricultural Applications
Developing Conservoltaic Systems to Support Biodiversity on Solar Farms
Development and Assessment of a New Agrivoltaic-Biogas Energy System for Sustainable Communities
Development of Photovoltaic Agriculture in China Based on SWOT Analysis
can effectively promote the development of the PV industry and modern agriculture. PV agriculture has attracted numerous countries, prompting the emergence of a growing number of PV farms. As the largest polysilicon producer with large agricultural production area and abundant solar energy resources, China is selected as a case study. This paper identifies indicate that the weakness-threat (WT) strategy should be adopted to promote the development of PV agriculture in China by establishing a unified support policy, encouraging the participation of market capital, and promoting the development of related technology. Similarly, the Chinese scenario might provide a useful reference for other developing
countries.Development of a Decision Support System to Evaluate Crop Performance Under Dynamic Solar Panels
This paper first focuses on the description of crop_sim and the usefulness of the three indicators. Then, a case study is presented. Our results show that, in a mature vineyard, with a typical panel steering policy conservative on crop yield, growers could save 13% of water compared to an open-field reference.
Experimental data pertaining to apple trees, grapevines, tomatoes, and maize are being collected. They will be used to adapt the model to tomato and maize, evaluate it and make it robust enough to bring to market. Further improvements of the crop_sim model may be required to finely reproduce observations in the field. A full validation of the model is expected when all data from the experiments will be available. The DSS will evolve depending on the requirements of the agrivoltaics community and may incorporate additional plant indicators and new expert system rules.Development of a Model of Combination of Solar Concentrators and Agricultural Fields
Development of a Quick-Scan Webtool to Facilitate Agrivoltaic System Design
Development of an Agro-Photovoltaic Transparent Solar Panel and DOCR for Agriculture and Grid System Usage
Direct and Diffuse Shading Factors Modelling for the Most Representative Agrivoltaic System Layouts
Discussion: Avoid severe (future) soil erosion from agrivoltaics
Do Agrivoltaics Improve Public Support for Solar? A Survey on Perceptions, Preferences, and Priorities
Does Agrivoltaism Reconcile Energy and Agriculture? Lessons from a French Case Study
Drawing Transformation Pathways for Making Use of Joint Effects of Food and Energy Production with Biodiversity Agriphotovoltaics and Electrified Agricultural Machinery
Driving and Restraining Forces for the Implementation of the Agrophotovoltaics System Technology – A System Dynamics Analysis
Dual Production of Solar Energy and Important Plant-Derived Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Artemisinin, a Pilot Study
Dual Use of Agricultural Land: Introducing ‘agrivoltaics’ in Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area, USA
Ductile, Model-Based Feasibility Assessment for Non-irrigated Agrivoltaic Systems
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (Dssc) Greenhouse Shading: New Insights for Solar Radiation Manipulation
Dynamic Photovoltaic Greenhouse: Energy Efficiency in Clear Sky Conditions
Dynamic Photovoltaic Greenhouse: Energy Balance in Completely Clear Sky Condition During the Hot Period
Dynamics of Grassland Vegetation in Two Sheep-Grazed Agrivoltaic Systems in Plain and Upland Areas
and agricultural production at the same site; however, their ability to deliver grassland ecosystem services is questioned. During one year, we studied direct effects of various shade conditions induced by solar panels on abiotic factors (light, soil water and temperature) and vegetation (growth height, greenness: NDVI, quantity of forage) at one plain and one upland sheep-grazed site. Under exclosure of grazing, three treatments per site were set up: control (without solar-panel influence), inter-rows (variable influence) and panel (full influence). The results showed significant modifications of plant microclimate under solar panels. Soil temperature was cooler in spring and summer, and the soil moisture response differed at each site. Unexpectedly, vegetation growth under the solar panels was taller in spring and summer than that in the control, and biomass was larger during summer drought, but the latter declined during spring of the following year. The results emphasised that, forage quantity and canopy greenness
(NDVI) could be much wider in sheep-grazed agrivoltaic systems than in open grasslandsEclipse: A New Photovoltaic Panel Designed for Greenhouses and Croplands
Ecohydrological Effects of Photovoltaic Solar Farms on Soil Microclimates and Moisture Regimes in Arid Northwest China: A Modeling Study
Ecological Effects of Preferential Vegetation Composition Developed on Sites with Photovoltaic Power Plants
Economic Assessment of Photovoltaic Greenhouses in China
Economic Efficiency of Climate Smart Agriculture Technology: Case of Agrophotovoltaics
Economic Feasibility of Agrivoltaic Systems in Food-Energy Nexus Context: Modelling and a Case Study in Niger
Economic Potential for Rainfed Agrivoltaics in Groundwater-Stressed Regions
Economic and Agronomic Impacts of Agrivoltaics on Arable Land Use at the Example of the Stuttgart Region
Ecovoltaic Principles for a More Sustainable, Ecologically Informed Solar Energy Future
Ecovoltaics: Maintaining Native Plants and Wash Connectivity inside a Mojave Desert Solar Facility Leads to Favorable Growing Conditions
Effect Of Photovoltaic Panel Shading on The Growth of Ginger and Kale
with photovoltaic (PV) systems, with the goal of increasing economic value for farmers while mitigating land use competition. The study specifically focuses on assessing the crop performance and microclimate impacts of ginger and kale under PV arrays. An experiment was conducted at the Ecohouse on the campus of Ohio University, where a solar array was previously installed, to examine the influence of solar panels on the growth and development of ginger and kale crops. Relationships were resolved between crop growth and various environmental factors, including light availability, soil moisture, humidity, precipitation, temperature, and soil nitrogen and soil carbon content. The findings revealed that while the solar panel treatment led to lower light availability, it did not significantly affect photosynthetic rates or yield in kale plants. The shading from the solar panels positively impacted soil moisture, providing a more favorable growing environment for both ginger and kale. Temperature variations were minimal under the solar panels, indicating that agrivoltaic systems can be implemented without adverse effects on temperature conditions. The results also indicated that shading affected the growth and morphological features of ginger and kale, including leaf numbers, plant height, and the number of senesced and healthy leaves. Shading generally resulted in a reduction in leaf numbers, plant height, and root mass in ginger, while kale showed 4 contrasting effects depending on the specific row. However, shading consistently led to a decrease in senesced leaves and an increase in healthy leaves for both crops. These findings suggest that, for some crop species, shading by solar panels can create a favorable microclimate, mitigating the negative impacts of excessive sunlight and
promoting crop health.
Effect of Shading Determined by Photovoltaic Panels Installed Above the Vines on the Performance of cv. Corvina (Vitis Vinifera L.)
Effects of Agrivoltaic Systems on the Surrounding Rooftop Microclimate
Effects of Agrivoltaics (Photovoltaic Power Generation Facilities on Farmland) on Growing Condition and Yield of Komatsuna, Mizuna, Kabu, and Spinach
Effects of Different Photovoltaic Shading Levels on Kiwifruit Growth, Yield and Water Productivity Under “Agrivoltaic” System in Southwest China
Effects of Greenhouse Photovoltaic Array Shading on Welsh Onion Growth
Effects of Organic Photovoltaic Modules Installed Inside Greenhouses on Microclimate and Plants
Effects of Photovoltaic Solar Farms on Microclimate and Vegetation Diversity
Effects of Revegetation on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Solar Photovoltaic Infrastructure
Effects of Shade and Deficit Irrigation on Maize Growth and Development in Fixed and Dynamic Agrivoltaic Systems
Effects of Soiling on Agrivoltaic Systems: Results of a Case Study in Chile
Effects of Solar Photovoltaic Installation on Microclimate and Soil Properties in Uitm 50MWAC Solar Park, Malaysia
Effects on Crop Development, Yields and Chemical Composition of Celeriac (Apium Graveolens L. Var. Rapaceum) Cultivated Underneath an Agrivoltaic System
Efficacy and Efficiency of Italian Energy Policy: The Case of PV Systems in Greenhouse Farms
Efficiency Improvement of Ground-Mounted Solar Power Generation in Agrivoltaic System by Cultivation of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) Under the Panels
Electrical Consumption on Midwestern Dairy Farms in the United States and Agrivoltaics to Shade Cows in a Pasture-Based Dairy System
Electrical Energy Producing Greenhouse Shading System with a Semi-transparent Photovoltaic Blind Based on Micro-Spherical Solar Cells
Electricity Production Based on an Agrivoltaic System. A Study Case for ETSIAAB in UPM
Embracing New Agriculture Commodity Through Integration of Java Tea as High Value Herbal Crops in Solar PV Farms
Emergent Molecular Traits of Lettuce and Tomato Grown under Wavelength-Selective Solar Cells
Energy Sustainable Greenhouse Crop Cultivation Using Photovoltaic Technologies
Energy Yield Evaluation of a Rainwater Harvesting System Using a Novel Agrophotovoltaics Design
Enovoltaics: Symbiotic Integration of Photovoltaics in Vineyards
Environmental Analysis of Agrivoltaic Systems
Environmental Benefits of Co-Located Photovoltaic and Greenery Systems: A Review on the Operational Performance and Assessment Framework Across Climate Zones
Environmental Co-Benefits of Maintaining Native Vegetation With Solar Photovoltaic Infrastructure
Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy (Solar and Wind) on Water, Food and Energy Nexus
Environmental Impacts of Utility-Scale Solar Energy
Environmental Monitoring of a Smart Greenhouse Powered by a Photovoltaic Cooling System
Environmental and Economic Performance Assessment of Integrated Conventional Solar Photovoltaic and Agrophotovoltaic Systems
Estimating the Economics and Adoption Potential of Agrivoltaics in Germany Using a Farm-Level Bottom-up Approach
Estimation Model of Agrivoltaic Systems Maximizing for Both Photovoltaic Electricity Generation and Agricultural Production
Estimation of the Hourly Global Solar Irradiation on the Tilted and Oriented Plane of Photovoltaic Solar Panels Applied to Greenhouse Production
Evaluating Potential Land Use of Utility-Scale Photovoltaics (Solar Panels) on Farmland in Tennessee
Evaluating the Performance of Flexible, Semi-Transparent Large-Area Organic Photovoltaic Arrays Deployed on a Greenhouse
Evaluation of Groundcovers Under Solar Panels for Weed Control
Evaluation of Output of Transparent Organic Photovoltaic Modules on Curved Surfaces Depending on Azimuth
Evaluation of Solar Photovoltaic Systems to Shade Cows in a Pasture-based Dairy Herd
Evaluation of a Hybrid System for a Nearly Zero Energy Greenhouse
Evolution of Agrivoltaic Farms in Japan
Examining Existing Policy to Inform a Comprehensive Legal Framework for Agrivoltaics in the US
Examining the Potential for Agricultural Benefits from Pollinator Habitat at Solar Facilities in the United States
Exploring The Potential of Rooftop Agrivoltaics
Exploring the Applicability of Agrivoltaic System in UAE and Its Merits
FEM Based Thermal Model of an Agrivoltaic System
Farmers' Perspectives on Challenges and Opportunities of Agrivoltaics in Turkiye: An Institutional Perspective
Farming the Sun and the Crops at Once: A Cost Benefit-Analysis of Implementing an Agrivoltaic System in China
Field Assessment on Agrivoltaic Misai Kucing Techno-Economical Approach in Solar Farming
Forecasting Insolation Shaded by Solar Panels for Optimal Layout in Agrivoltaic System
From Niche-Innovation to Mainstream Markets: Drivers and Challenges of Industry Adoption of Agrivolatics in the U.S.
From Photovoltaic to Agri-Natural-Voltaic (ANaV)
Frontiers in Multi-Benefit Value Stacking for Solar Development on Working Lands
Fuzzy Mathematics Based Evaluation Method of Crop Adaptability for Agriculture and Photovoltaic Combined System
Geospatial Assessment of Elevated Agrivoltaics on Arable Land in Europe to Highlight the Implications on Design, Land Use and Economic Level
Global Energy Assessment of the Potential of Photovoltaics for Greenhouse Farming
Global Sensitivity Based Prioritizing the Parametric Uncertainties in Economic Analysis When Co-Locating Photovoltaic with Agriculture and Aquaculture in China
Grapevine Growth and Berry Development under the Agrivoltaic Solar Panels in the Vineyards
Grassland Carbon-Water Cycling is Minimally Impacted By a Photovoltaic Array
Grassland Productivity Responds Unexpectedly to Dynamic Light and Soil Water Environments Induced by Photovoltaic Arrays
Green-Light Wavelength-Selective Organic Solar Cells for Agrivoltaics: Dependence of Wavelength on Photosynthetic Rate
Greener Sheep: Life Cycle Analysis of Integrated Sheep Agrivoltaic Systems
Greenhouse Tomato Production with Electricity Generation by Roof-mounted Flexible Solar Panels
Ground-Mounted Photovoltaic and Crop Cultivation: A Comparative Analysis
Growth of Snapdragon Under Simulated Transparent Photovoltaic Panels for Greenhouse Applications
Handbook of Energy Management in Agriculture
Harvesting Sunshine: A Modular Integrated Framework for Modeling the Agrivoltaic System
Herbage Yield, Lamb Growth and Foraging Behavior in Agrivoltaic Production System
High-Transparency Clear Window-Based Agrivoltaics
High-concentration Photovoltaics for Dual-Use With Agriculture
Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells for Wavelength-Selective Greenhouse: A Promising Agrivoltaic System
History and Legal Aspect of Agrivoltaics in Korea
How Does a Shelter of Solar Panels Influence Water Flows in a Soil–Crop System?
How to Reconcile Renewable Energy and Agricultural Production in a Drying World
Hybrid Photovoltaic/Solar Chimney Power Plant Combined With Agriculture: The Transformation of a Decommissioned Coal-Fired Power Plant
Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics for Greenhouse Applications
Impacts and Opportunities From Large‐Scale Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Electricity Generation on Agricultural Production
To what extent is the concern of energy generation versus food production warranted? Should large‐scale solar power stations even be built on agricultural land?
The author uses a case study from the Central West of New South Wales (NSW) to explore these issues as well as briefly reviewing critical research into the international development of agrivoltaics.Impacts of Agrivoltaics in Rural Electrification and Decarbonization in the Philippines
Implementation of Agricultural Technology Urban Farming Agrivoltaic Based System to Increase Productivity and Empowerment of Farmer Women's Community
Implementation of Agrophotovoltaics: Techno-Economic Analysis of the Price-Performance Ratio and Its Policy Implications
Implications of Spatial-Temporal Shading in Agrivoltaics Under Fixed Tilt & Tracking Bifacial Photovoltaic Panels
Improvement of Electrical Efficiency in a PV Solar Farm Utilizing Agriculture
Improving Productivity in an Agrivoltaic Farm through the Implementation of Large-Scale Dynamic Beam Splitter Integrated Photovoltaics
Improving Productivity of Cropland Through Agrivoltaics
At first glance the concept of shading plants seems counterintuitive to the perception that cropland should be without obstructions. However, agrivoltaics recognises that crops do not require every hour of sunlight to photosynthesise. Consequently, the solar energy resource can effectively be shared with photovoltaic technology to increase the productivity of the land without greatly decreasing the yield of the crop, and in some cases, increasing crop yield [3]. This is achieved by spacing the rows of solar panels in such a way that the shadows caused by the panels still permit crops to photosynthesise sufficiently in addition to reducing heat related stress caused by the environment. As such, this study aims to review existing literature about agrivoltaics and use experimentation to explore if the advantages they provide are great enough to justify their introduction into Australian agriculture. A key parameter for this study is land productivity that is measured using “land equivalent ratio” (LER) which is a combination of crop yield (measured in kilograms) and energy production (measured in watt-hours). Equation 1 demonstrates how this is calculated:
The interest in energy (𝐼𝐸) and the interest in yield (𝐼𝑌) are values between 0 and 1 that represent how the owner of the system prioritises energy output and crop yield. These coefficients are used to present different points of view that a landowner can use to interpret the results of an agrivoltaic trial. Additionally, 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 is the energy generated by the PV array for a stilt mounted agrivoltaics 𝐴𝑃𝑉 system, 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑆𝐹 is the energy generated from an equivalent ground mounted solar farm, 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝐴𝑃𝑉 is the crop yield of the agrivoltaic system and 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚 is the crop yield of a traditional farm (without overhead solar panels) [4].InSPIRE 2.0 (Final Technical Report)
Increased Panel Height Enhances Cooling for Photovoltaic Solar Farms
) to increase with array elevation, where panel convection at double height improved up to 1.88 times that of the nominal case. This behavior is an effect of sub-array entrainment of high velocity flow and panel interactions as evidenced through flow statistics and mean kinetic energy budgets on particle image velocimetry (PIV) data. The staggered height arrangement encourages faster sub-panel flow than in the nominal array. Despite sub-array blockage due to the lower panel interaction, heat shedding at panel surfaces promotes improvements on
over 1.3 times that of the nominal height case.Increasing Land Productivity with Agriphotovoltaics: Application to an Alfalfa Field
Increasing the Agricultural Sustainability of Closed Agrivoltaic Systems With the Integration of Vertical Farming: A Case Study on Baby-Leaf Lettuce
Increasing the Comprehensive Economic Benefits of Farmland With Even-Lighting Agrivoltaic Systems
Increasing the Total Productivity of a Land by Combining Mobile Photovoltaic Panels and Food Crops
Influence of Allocation Methods on the LC-CO2 Emission of an Agrivoltaic System
Influences of Greenhouse-Integrated Semi-transparent Photovoltaics on Microclimate and Lettuce Growth
Initial Analysis and Development of an Automated Maintenance System for Agrivoltaics Plants
Innovative Agrivoltaic Systems to Produce Sustainable Energy: An Economic and Environmental Assessment
Innovative Solar Spectral Beam Splitting Concepts: Cogeneration and Photochemistry
Installation of an Agrivoltaic System Influences Microclimatic Conditions and Leaf Gas Exchange in Cranberry
Integrating Agrivoltaic Systems into Local Industries: A Case Study and Economic Analysis of Rural Japan
Integrating Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) Into Greenhouses: Electrical Performance and Lifetimes of OPVs
Integrating Solar Energy With Agriculture: Industry Perspectives on the Market, Community, and Socio-Political Dimensions of Agrivoltaics
Integration of Bifacial Photovoltaics in Agrivoltaic Systems: A Synergistic Design Approach
Integration of Solar Technology to Modern Greenhouse in China: Current Status, Challenges and Prospect
Investigating the Potential of East/West Vertical Bifacial Photovoltaic Farm for Agrivoltaic Systems
Investigation of UV Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Water Electrolyte: A New Insight for Wavelength-Selective Greenhouse
Is it a Good Time to Develop Commercial Photovoltaic Systems on Farmland? An American-Style Option with Crop Price Risk
Just energy imaginaries? Examining realities of solar development on Pennsylvania's farmland
Justice-Driven Agrivoltaics: Facilitating Agrivoltaics Embedded in Energy Justice
Key Factors Affecting the Adoption Willingness, Behavior, and Willingness-Behavior Consistency of Farmers Regarding Photovoltaic Agriculture in China
Knowns, Uncertainties, and Challenges in Agrivoltaics to Sustainably Intensify Energy and Food Production
contribute to climate mitigation while meeting current energy demands. However, utility-scale photovoltaics are land intensive and can compete with food production. Agrivoltaics, which combines both energy and food production, has the potential to reduce competition for land. However, its benefits remain uncertain. Here, we review the literature to assess how agrivoltaics can provide synergistic benefits across the food-energy-water nexus relative to photovoltaic or agricultural systems in isolation. Overall, agrivoltaics has the potential to enhance the sustainability of agricultural land and the resilience of our food and energy systems while helping meet energy and food demands. However, there are obstacles to be surmounted. Interdisciplinary collaborative research actions to gain a holistic and mechanistic understanding of the ecological, environmental, and socio-economic consequences of agrivoltaics, and to realize how new innovations can unravel the potential of this
emerging strategy, are urgently needed.Lab-to-Fab Development and Long-Term Greenhouse Test of Stable Flexible Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaic Module
Lamb Growth and Pasture Production in Agrivoltaic Production System
Laminated Organic Photovoltaic Modules for Agrivoltaics and Beyond: An Outdoor Stability Study of All-Polymer and Polymer: Small Molecule Blends
Land Resource Allocation Between Biomass and Ground-mounted Pv Under Consideration of the Food–Water–Energy Nexus Framework at Regional Scale
Land Use Prior to Installation of Ground-mounted Photovoltaic in Germany—GIS-Analysis Based on MaStR and Basis-DLM
Land Utilization Performance of Ground Mounted Photovoltaic Power Plants: A Case Study
Land-Sparing Opportunities for Solar Energy Development in Agricultural Landscapes: A Case Study of the Great Central Valley, CA, United States
Large-Scale and Cost-Efficient Agrivoltaics System by Spectral Separation
Large-scale Photovoltaics? Yes Please, but Not Like This! Insights on Different Perspectives Underlying the Trade-off Between Land Use and Renewable Electricity Development
Legal Framework of Agrivoltaics in Germany
Lessons Learned From Simulating the Energy Yield of an Agrivoltaic Project With Vertical Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules in France
Lettuce Production under Mini-PV Modules Arranged in Patterned Designs
Leveraging the Food-Energy-Water Nexus for Planet Resilience
not sustainable. Food production is stagnating or declining. Nonrenewable energy sources on which the energy sector has historically depended are being rapidly depleted. Water resources, for which the energy and food sectors compete, are being depleted and impaired. This push against planetary boundaries is accelerating due to population growth and climate change. We must increase net resilience of the planet. This cannot be achieved through a single sector approach as focus on adapting a single sector can increase vulnerability of another sector. Instead, we must focus on the inherent linkages of the food, energy, water nexus, in which opportunities exist for sustainable adaptation which increase net resilience. To maximize impacts of change, we identify areas of high demand in which resources are under- or over-allocated. We explore an example of under-application in the foodenergy intersection – electrification of the transportation system, for which a major hurdle is infrastructure. Through geospatial analysis, our results show that a novel approach to address infrastructure needs of electric vehicle charging stations exists by leveraging agrivoltaic systems. In the food-water intersection, we evaluate an example of over-application – fertilizer use in agriculture and the consequential water quality impacts, in which a major hurdle is grower resistance to reducing overapplication. We explore this intersection through simulations that remain within constraints of grower resistance on the field and watershed scales. We show that we have significant control over nitrate (NO3 - ) leaching via our management choices and identify a mechanism which reduces NO3 - leaching when implementing best management practices. Our results show that alternate (and supplemental) approaches can be leveraged to work toward our water quality goals without risking a reduction in yields. However, additional remediation will be needed to reach overall water
quality and yield needs.
Life Cycle Assessment of Pasture-Based Agrivoltaic Systems: Emissions and Energy Use of Integrated Rabbit Production
Life Cycle Assessment of an Agrivoltaic System with Conventional Potato Production
Light Manipulation Using Organic Semiconducting Materials for Enhanced Photosynthesis
Limits and Prospects of Photovoltaic Covers in Mediterranean Greenhouses
Low Cost Climate Station for Smart Agriculture Applications With Photovoltaic Energy and Wireless Communication
Mathematical Modeling Suggests High Potential for the Deployment of Floating Photovoltaic on Fish Ponds
Maximizing Biomass with Agrivoltaics: Potential and Policy in Saskatchewan Canada
Measurement of Light Interception by Crops under Solar Panels using PARbars
production of plant products. There can be synergy in the combination of crops with solar panels, e.g. when adverse conditions are relieved by the presence of the panels, but often there will be a trade-off between electricity yield and crop yield. To explore these synergies and trade-offs and to design best fitted agrivoltaics systems for specified conditions, two types of models can be combined that 1) describe radiation interception and electricity production by the solar panels and 2) describe crop production under the remaining light [1]. Crop growth and crop yield are determined by the amount of light that is intercepted by the canopy and used for photosynthesis. Light interception is therefore an important part of crop growth models [2]. Crops may adapt to shading by increasing stem elongation and reducing leaf thickness in order to intercept a larger fraction of incoming radiation. Knowledge of these crop responses to shading is needed and can be gained by actual measurements on crops growing at different light levels. In addition to (non) destructive measurements such as stem length, specific leaf area (cm2 /g dry matter), total leaf area and biomass of various plant organs, light interception by the crop can be measured. This paper describes a system that is applied in the Sunbiose project [www.sunbiose.nl] for continuous measurement of light interception by row crops under solar panels. This system uses long bars containing multiple light sensors to measure light over the entire width of the agrivoltaics system, both above the crop (but below the solar panels) and below the
crop. Continuous measurement allows analysis of variation over time.Measuring Tomato Production and Water Productivity in Agrivoltaic Systems
Micro Climate Evaluation Based on 6-level Temperature for Agrivoltaic Tropical Condition
of fresh produce promotes the idea of agro-PV integration or commonly known as agrivoltaic system. The agrivoltaic concept is an integrated system that associate, on the same land area, food crops and solar photovoltaic panels where the PV panels provides some shading elements for plant growth. This study provides some important information on the ground condition of an Agrivoltaic system installed in Selangor state, Malaysia. The stochastic tropical weather condition is explored based on four main factors which are Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD), air temperature, air humidity and wind speed underneath PV arrays for 5 days continuous monitoring with 1 minute time intervals. The maximum height of PV array at site is 1.3 meter with development area of 3.67m x 3.36m (18 x 95Wp Monocrystalline modules). The temperature value using K-type thermosensor underneath PV is segregated into six temperature levels which covers temperature range
from PV bottom surface until ground temperature with 1 feet clearance.Microclimate Under Agrivoltaic Systems: Is Crop Growth Rate Affected in the Partial Shade of Solar Panels?
Microclimatic and Energetic Feasibility of Agrivoltaic Systems: State of the Art
agricultural and energetic sectors. Integrating solar power generating with agricultural activities is relatively new; however, it has started with implementing the PV panels into the greenhouses. Comparatively, openfield agrivoltaics systems are still growing and under-development in many locations around the world. The urge to explore innovative solutions for the increasing demand for electricity and food has been the main motivation for the research centers, researchers, and governments to escalate agrivoltaics development globally. In this paper, the current and most recent projects and studies of open-field agrivoltaic systems are presented, compared, and analyzed in order to anticipate the potential and path of development for agrivoltaics in the near future. Several pieces of research from different countries globally were included to illustrate the main features and performance indicators of agrivoltaic systems. The paper concludes that the agrivoltaics system has the potential to grow to big-scale projects in different climatic regions because it provides benefits either by increasing the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), protecting the plants from severe ambient weather, and diversifying the income for farmers. New technologies and methods have been integrated with the agrivoltaics systems in different projects to optimize the model; however, many aspects
of development could be introduced in the near future.Micrometeorological Environment in Traditional and Photovoltaic Greenhouses and Effects on Growth and Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
problems caused by micrometeorological limitations for the underlying crops during cold season. To evaluate the effects of PV panels situated on the roof of a greenhouse, Air Temperature (AT) and Global Solar Radiation (GSR) were monitored in a PV greenhouse and a traditional one and their effects on quali-quantitative features of tomato berries were analysed. In the PV greenhouse a relevant reduction of temperature (about -2°C in march-may) and global solar radiation (less than a half of the traditional one in the same period) was observed and tomato yield was lower, with a poor content of lycopene, β-carotene, sucrose, reducing sugars and total sugars in the fruits. On the contrary, chlorophyll concentration in the leaves and use efficiency of solar radiation were higher and the compensation point
lower in comparison to the plants grown in the traditional greenhouse.Model-Based Analysis of the Irradiance Beneath Solar PV Panel for Agrivoltaics Applications
Modeling Crop Yields for Different Agrophotovoltaic Shading Scenarios
has increased in the last years especially thanks to the allocation of funds by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) in 2021 and the “Guidelines on agrivoltaic plants” in 2022, which state that such plants must not cause a reduction in the final crop yield. For this reason, the objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the introduction of agrivoltaics in Italy through the study of the effect of the presence of photovoltaic panels on the final yield of a selected crop in a certain area, i.e. the potato crop in the area of Ferrara in the Emilia-Romagna region, to preliminary hypothesizing a first agrivoltaic configuration, in collaboration with A2A company. The study of the impact of photovoltaic panels on the potato harvested yield was carried out by using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) software, which simulates more than 42 different crops under different spatial and temporal growth scenarios, considering several input parameters related to soil, meteorological and crop management data, which can be used as forcings depending on what is to be studied. In the case of this thesis work, soil and crop management input parameters for the potato crop in the Ferrara area were estimated and validated to assess initial conditions. Subsequently, the crop yield for the years 2017-2022 was calculated using the crop model to understand the impact on crop yield of solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation, which were expected to change due to the presence of the panels. As for the assessment of the initial conditions, the results confirmed the input data put as parameters thanks to the comparison between the simulated crop yield with that actually recorded in the area, which averaged 40 t · ha−1 . On the other hand, the annual variability analysis identified three categories of years based on the response to shading, i.e., where the yield decline occurred at 20% (2019), 30% (2017, 2020, 2022) and 40% (2018, 2021) shading, and based on the absolute yield of the crop, i.e., above average (2018), around average (2017, 2019, 2020) and below average (2021, 2022). These categories were useful for carrying out the study of the influence of individual meteorological parameters. As for radiation, the results indicate that the monthly variability of radiation over the growing period does not present a definite pattern to explain the crop response to shading when considering individual months (with p-values below the significance threshold of 0.05), but becomes representative when considering the cumulative radiation of the first two to three months. This leads to the conclusion that there is an absolute value of incident radiation that must be reached in the first two months for the harvested yield to remain stable until the 30-40% shading scenario, within the range of (1223, 1301) MJ · sqm−1 . Furthermore, it was observed that this response to shading is influenced almost solely by radiation alone, while temperature and precipitation predominantly impact the absolute value of the crop yield in different years. Specifically for temperature, it was observed that an increase in temperature in suboptimal years (i.e. 2021 and 2022, as seen above) causes absolute crop yield to be comparable to the average of other years (with an average increase of 15-20%). This result is less evident when considering precipitation, for which an increase does not correspond automatically in an increase in absolute crop yield, especially in years with intermediate weather values, where the relationship between the three variables takes on a greater prevalence than the individual weather factors. Finally, simulations were carried out for three agrivoltaic structures, which differed in row spacing (pitch), panel height, and panel configuration (1P or 2P, if the structure involves one or two attached panels). It was found that the 2P tracker structure with 14 m pitch is the optimal one, as the production drop occurs at 3.5 m distance from the panels, corresponding to 57% of the arable land not affected by the panels, with also a 10% increase in inter-row production compared to the scenario without panels. In conclusion, the findings of this preliminary study indicate that agrivoltaic systems should be designed taking into account the need to ensure a minimum level of incident radiation at least in the first two months of cultivation, to avoid an inter-row production drop. Furthermore, photovoltaic panels are not responsible for the absolute low yield in years with unfavorable weather conditions, such as cold years; on the contrary, they may mitigate the damages to the crop by creating an underneath microclimate and the resulting higher temperature, which however is a hypothesis to be verified in more detail in future
studies.Modeling Irradiance Distributions in Agrivoltaic Systems
Modeling and Analyses of Energy Performances of Photovoltaic Greenhouses With Sun-Tracking Functionality
more possibilities of energy production and microclimate control by adjusting the sun-tracking angles. Previous studies on PV greenhouses barely paid attention to the PV partial shading effects, and rarely recorded the performance across the full range of rotation angles. In this study, we first build computer simulation models of typical greenhouses with high-density (1/2 roof area) and low-density (1/3 and 1/4 roof area) PV layouts. Then four special sun-tracking positions are found in the model of equivalent global irradiance, which is defined as the quotient of the total input power divided by the area of PV module under partial diffuse shadows. Simulation models are also built in terms of PV modules and interior irradiance. Simulations are conducted using the climate data of Delft, the Netherlands (52.01 , 4.36 ° ° N E). Results show that high-density PVs under no-shading sun tracking generate 6.91% more energy than that under conventional (quasi-perpendicular) sun-tracking. Meanwhile, no-shading sun tracking allows more diffuse sunlight to enter the greenhouse mounted with highdensity PV panels, resulting in 10.96% and 10.68% improvement on the annual average global irradiance and uniformity on the target plane compared to the fixed PV panels in the closed position. Regarding low-density PV layouts, which barely suffer from partial shading problems, quasi-perpendicular sun tracking improves the annual energy generation by 7.40% relative to the closed position. However, the average global irradiance reaches the minimum in this position because more sunlight is blocked by PVs. Meanwhile, the average uniformity of global irradiance reveals good (but not the best) performance, resulting in up to 9.80% (1/3 coverage) and 4.70% (1/4 coverage) improvement respectively compared to the closed position. The proposed methods and simulation results provide guidelines for the initial design and daily operation of PV greenhouses, aiming to
balance the PV power generation and food production.Modeling of Landscape for the Integration of Agrivoltaics Using a GIS Approach
Modeling of Large-Scale Integration of Agrivoltaic Systems: Impact on the Japanese Power Grid
Modeling of Stochastic Temperature and Heat Stress Directly Underneath Agrivoltaic Conditions with Orthosiphon Stamineus Crop Cultivation
Modeling the Ecosystem Services of Native Vegetation Management Practices at Solar Energy Facilities in the Midwestern United States
Modeling the Effect of Longwave Radiation From Solar Panels on Soil Moisture
Modelling and Analysis of Vertical Bifacial Agrivoltaic Test System at Skjetlein High School, Norway
must double by 2030 in order to feed an ever-growing population, ii) decrease in the amount of arable lands and iii) accelerating climate change. Agricultural crop is exposed to extreme climate events and lacks water due to heat stress. With frequent drought and growing unpredictability in climate, it has become the need of the hour to have systems running on fully-renewable energy sources, not to mention the urgent need to preserve, rather than deplete, ever-scarcer water resources. Systems of this nature enable us to work towards increased crop productivity by making farmlands more resilient to climate extremities/change. Innovative solution like agrivoltaics can address these problems. They adapt photovoltaic(PV) technology so as to coexist with crop cultivation. Agrivoltaics are attracting a lot of attention across the globe, especially in regions where PV power plants and agricultural practices are common. As of this writing, there have only been two agrivoltaic studies in continental climate zones. Norway has been doing well in terms of its renewable energy mix by fully utilizing its hydro energy resources. Norway was previously classified as a country with low PV potential, but as of 2021, it has a total installed PV capacity of 216.8 MW. Norway’s agriculture sector is doing fairly well, especially when you consider the challenges involved: cold winters, hilly mountain areas, and high relative humidity. The backbone of Norwegian agriculture is grasslands and livestock, i.e., grassland covers 70% of Norwegian agricultural land The potential usage of agrivoltaics in Norwegian conditions has not been researched so far. This thesis aims to find a suitable modelling procedure to model a vertical bifacial East/West oriented agrivoltaic system. This model uses a 53.3 kWp agrivoltaic system, located at Skjetlein videreg˚aende skole, Trondheim (N63°41.06′ E10°45.39′ ) with ’timothy grass’ as a crop. Crop yield will be estimated using the CATIMO crop model. The energy analysis results agree well with the literature concerning the performance of vertical bifacial systems in Norwegian conditions. In an agrivoltaic scenario, vertically East/West oriented PV systems provide a homogeneous light distribution compared to conventionally oriented South-facing PV systems. Sun hour analysis reveals different shading patterns on crops near the edges of PV modules compared to internal rows. Estimated land-use efficiency of agrivoltaic systems is 79% higher than the efficiency of conventional land use, either for PV power plants (100% energy) or for the cultivation of crops (100% crop). Overall, the methodology developed in this thesis is an effective modelling tool
that can be used for other agrivoltaic configurations, crops, and climate zone.Module Technology for Agrivoltaics: Vertical Bifacial Versus Tilted Monofacial Farms
Monitoring of Microclimate Underneath Agrivoltaic Systems Using IoT Station
conversion giving the land it sits on dual purpose. Moreover, by combining solar electricity conversion and crop production additional benefits such as water saving and, in some cases even higher crop yields compared to open field conditions. For this technology to be wildly implemented a deeper understanding on the effects the agrivoltaic system has on the underlying farmland is required. In this work, an IoT sensor station used for monitoring albedo, temperature, and humidity inside an agrivoltaic system is developed. The work is carried out through researching and testing electrical components that is to be used inside of the monitoring station as well as development of the code used by the microcontroller to communicate between the different sensors. The prototype station was then tested a total of three times at Kärrbo Prästgård and the gathered data compared with pre-installed sensors located at the testing site. After each test run the IoT stations performance was analyzed for potential improvements to be implemented before subsequent tests. The final design of monitoring station showed a high accuracy in the albedo data during daytime with some deviations during early mornings and late afternoon due to the inherit limitations in the
sensitivities of the electrical components used to measure solar radiation.Monofacial vs Bifacial Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Snowy Environments
Multidimensional Role of Agrovoltaics in Era of EU Green Deal: Current Status and Analysis of Water–Energy–Food–Land Dependencies
Multifunction Land Use to Promote Energy Communities in Mediterranean Region: Cases of Egypt and Italy
Native Vegetation Performance under a Solar PV Array at the National Wind Technology Center
Net-Zero Energy Optimization of Solar Greenhouses in Severe Cold Climate Using Passive Insulation and Photovoltaic
Nexus Between Agriculture and Photovoltaics (Agrivoltaics, Agriphotovoltaics) for Sustainable Development Goal: a Review
Nitric Oxide Crosstalk With Phytohormone is Involved in Enhancing Photosynthesis of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum for Photovoltaic Adaptation
Not All Light Spectra Were Created Equal: Can We Harvest Light for Optimum Food-Energy Co-Generation?
Novel Measurement Concept for AGRIPVPLUS Systems - A Triple Approach
On the Advent of Solar Concentrating Photovoltaic Modules in Crop Cultivation Environments
On the Coexistence of Solar-Energy Conversion and Plant Cultivation
On the Light Intensity Value under Photovoltaic Arrays for Agrivoltaic Integration
On-Farm Renewable Energy Systems: A Systematic Review
On-farm Applications of Solar PV Systems
One Year of Grassland Vegetation Dynamics in Two Sheep-Grazed Agrivoltaic Systems
Open AccessArticle Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System for Nile Tilapia Farms in Southern Mexico: Techno-Economic and Environmental Evaluation
Open-Field Agrivoltaic System Impacts on Photothermal Environment and Light Environment Simulation Analysis in Eastern China
Open-Platform Sensor Node for Agrivoltaics
Open-Source Design and Economics of Manual Variable-Tilt Angle DIY Wood-Based Solar Photovoltaic Racking System
Open-Source Vertical Swinging Wood-Based Solar Photovoltaic Racking Systems
Opportunities and Challenges for Scaling Agrivoltaics in Rural and Urban Africa
Opportunities for Agrivoltaic Systems to Achieve Synergistic Food-Energy-Environmental Needs and Address Sustainability Goals
Opportunities to Enhance Pollinator Biodiversity in Solar Parks
Optical and Electrical Performance of an Agrivoltaic Field With Spectral Beam Splitting
Optimal Efficient Energy Production by PV Module Tile-Orientation Prediction without Compromising Crop-Light Demands in Agrivoltaic Systems
system tilt-orientation angles and the influence of crops on energy production. The study's objectives are twofold:(1) to provide a comprehensive method for determining the ideal tilt-orientation angles of PV modules that would both match the demands of crop-light requirements and optimize the energy output, and (2) to develop a mathematical model that considers the integration of crops within the AVS when projecting energy output. The simulation utilized a mix of PV tilt angle 0˚-90˚ with orientation 0˚-359˚ and hourly local meteorological data over one year. The study's findings showed that local microclimate data can be used to anticipate the tilt-orientation angle of PV modules to fulfil crop-light demand. The maximum solar irradiance collected on the PV module is 1819 kW/m2 /year at a tilt angle of 8˚ and orientation of 187˚. In comparison, 40.92% of light reduction is observed below the same combination. Furthermore, it was discovered that cultivation of Andrographis paniculata using the same combination produced higher yields than cultivation in open areas. Next, AVS installation also reduces the temperature of the PV module by 1.28 ̊C and increases the efficiency of the PV module by approximately 0.82%. Following that, the LER value for AVS recorded at 2.17. In conclusion, this AVS model offer enormous potential to predict ideal
PV tilt-orientation and assessing the effect of crops on energy output.Optimal Integration of Microalgae Production With Photovoltaic Panels: Environmental Impacts and Energy Balance
Microalgae are 10 to 20 times more productive than the current agricultural biodiesel producing oleaginous crops. However, they require larger energy supplies, so that their environmental impacts remain uncertain, as illustrated by the contradictory results in the literature. Besides, solar radiation is often too high relative to the photosynthetic capacity of microalgae. This leads to photosaturation, photoinhibition, overheating and eventually induces mortality. Shadowing microalgae with solar panels would, therefore, be a promising solution for both increasing productivity during hotter periods and producing local electricity for the process. The main objective of this study is to measure, via LCA framework, the energy performance and environmental impact of microalgae biodiesel produced in a solar greenhouse, alternating optimal microalgae species and photovoltaic panel (PV) coverage. A mathematical model is simulated to investigate the microalgae productivity in raceways under meteorological conditions in Sophia Antipolis (south of France) at variable coverture percentages (0% to 90%) of CIGS solar panels on greenhouses constructed with low-emissivity (low-E) glass.
Results A trade-off must be met between electricity and biomass production, as a larger photovoltaic coverture would limit microalgae production. From an energetic point of view, the optimal configuration lies between 10 and 20% of PV coverage. Nevertheless, from an environmental point of view, the best option is 50% PV coverage. However, the difference between impact assessments obtained for 20% and 50% PV is negligible, while the NER is 48% higher for 20% PV than for 50% PV coverage. Hence, a 20% coverture of photovoltaic panels is the best scenario from an energetic and environmental point of view.
Conclusions
In comparison with the cultivation of microalgae without PV, the use of photovoltaic panels triggers a synergetic effect, sourcing local electricity and reducing climate change impacts. Considering an economic approach, low photovoltaic panel coverage would probably be more attractive. However, even with a 10% area of photovoltaic panels, the environmental footprint would already significantly decrease. It is expected that significant improvements in microalgae productivity or more advanced production processes should rapidly enhance these performances.Optimal Inverter and Wire Selection for Solar Photovoltaic Fencing Applications
Optimisation of Vertically Mounted Agrivoltaic Systems
Optimization of LED-Based Agrivoltaic System: Combining Photovoltaic and Light Emitting Diode Technology in a Horticultural System to Improve the Space and Energy Efficiency of Crop Cultivation
of the increase of the world’s population. Despite the significant growth of the food demand, the agricultural land can only be increased by another 2%. Besides that, the agricultural sector is heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Over the coming decades, the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix has to be reduced drastically to decrease the negative impact of the world energy use on the environment. However, the land area needed to produce renewable energy is significantly higher per unit produced than for traditional energy sources. At some places, this results in competition between food and energy production for the use of available land. It is clear that significant changes have to take place in the agricultural sector, regarding land and energy use, to keep up with the growing world population and to reduce its impact on the environment. During the last decades, significant improvements have been made in horticulture. This research combines two of these developments, namely: the integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules in a horticultural system (agrivoltaics) and the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) as supplemental lighting source for crops. The main objective of this study is to find the most space and energy efficient LED-based agrivoltaic system for the cultivation of lettuce and tomato in three different climates. In order to understand the dynamics of an LED fixture and the optimal lighting conditions for the specified crops, a light simulation model is developed in the Matlab environment. With this simulation model, one is able to determine the characteristics of an LED fixture required for optimal crop growth. The performance of this model is verified by comparing the output of the model with practical measurements with an LED bar. Furthermore, four greenhouse systems and a plant factory are designed. The first scenario is a reference greenhouse that uses High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lighting as an addition to sunlight. The second scenario is comparable to the reference greenhouse, but uses LED lighting instead of HPS lighting. The third scenario is a greenhouse that uses LED lighting and has a checkerboard PV array configuration installed on the roof. In this greenhouse, the amount of sunlight reaching the crops is reduced and the LED lamps ensure that a sufficient amount of light reaches the crops. The fourth scenario is a greenhouse that is fully covered with PV modules and therefore no sunlight is able to enter the greenhouse. LED lamps are the sole source of light for the crops. In contrast with the semi-closed greenhouse systems, the plant factory is a closed insulated system and therefore uses LEDs as the only source of light. The roof of the plant factory is covered with PV modules. Also, it has five storeys of crops, while the greenhouse scenarios only have one layer. For the systems that include a PV system, it is assumed that the electricity produced by the PV systems is dumped on the grid. Besides that, the electricity needed for the systems driven by electricity, is drawn from the grid. There is no storage system present in these systems. The performance regarding space and energy efficiency is analyzed for these five systems for both lettuce and tomato and for three different climate zones and latitudes (24-68◦N). The locations are Kiruna (Sweden), Delft (the Netherlands) and Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates). This study shows that the purpose of a horticultural system is important to determine which configuration is optimal. When the productivity per area is the most important requirement, the plant factory has the best performance in all locations, mainly because of the multiple storeys of crops. The combined productivity of the crops and PV energy is six times higher compared to a conventional greenhouse. In case both the productivity and the energy use are important, the greenhouse that uses LED lighting and has a checkerboard PV module configuration installed on the roof has the best performance of all systems in Delft. Compared to a conventional greenhouse, the efficacy of this LED-based agrivoltaic greenhouse is increased by 56%. In more extreme climates, like in Abu Dhabi and Kiruna, a plant factory produces the most crops per unit of
energy required. The efficacy in these locations is 6.3 and 1.8 times higher, respectively, compared to the conventional greenhouse. In general, this works shows that the production of food and renewable energy do not have to be in competition for the same piece of land; they can be combined in one system while increasing the cumulative productivity per square meter and the total efficacy of the system.Optimization of PV Array Density for Fixed Tilt Bifacial Solar Panels for Efficient Agrivoltaic Systems
Optimization of Single-Axis Tracking of Photovoltaic Modules for Agrivoltaic Systems
Optimization of the Design of an Agrophotovoltaic System in Future Climate Conditions in South Korea
Optimizing Agrivoltaics Electricity Generation in Sweden
use of land for the cultivation of food and generation of electricity, both of which are essential to humanity. This degree project carried out a techno-economic analysis to assess the impact of optimizing technical parameters on the energy generated by vertical configuration agrivoltaic systems. A simulation was conducted on a 1-hectare land area at varying row distances (5m, 10m, 15m, and 20m) corresponding to different system capacities of 455.9kWp, 227.9kWp, 136.74kWp, and 117.6kWp respectively, along with varying clearance height (0.5m, 1m, and 1.5m), azimuth angles between -90° and 90°, and locations: Västerås, Visby, Lund, Skövde, and Kalmar. The findings highlight the optimal conditions for maximizing specific production (kWh/kWp/year), system production (MWh/year), and financial indicators. In conclusion, 227.9kWp agrivoltaics system at 10m row distance and 1m clearance height, is observed to achieve a balance between system production and specific production, as well exhibiting higher economic profitability. Additionally, Visby among all selected study
locations, had the highest electricity production due to its longer sun hours.Optimizing Light Environment of the Oblique Single-axis Tracking Agrivoltaic System
Optimizing Sunlight Distribution in Agrivoltaic Systems for the Swedish Climate
competition between energy and food production. A new emerging segment within the PV market called agrivoltaics is providing a contributing solution to this issue by co-using the land for both crop cultivation and PV energy. Agrivoltaics is a relatively new application in Sweden, so far there is only one research site in Kärrbo Prästgård, Västerås, which was built in 2020. This thesis aims to examine how the basic layout of a PV system affects the irradiance distribution of an agrivoltaic system located in Sweden. With the aim of reaching an effective light sharing to provide the crops with acceptable growing conditions while producing as much electricity as possible. Methodologically, this was done by performing optical light simulations for a big number of different PV layouts. The results show how the module row distance and the array height have the most significant influence on the total irradiance distribution throughout the year. Furthermore, by altering the clearance height and the system azimuth, the irradiance uniformity on the ground can be improved, which results in more similar growing conditions for all the cultivated crops. Arguments are also given for why it is helpful to consider the temporal distribution of the ground irradiance. This thesis has shown that there are PV system layouts that provide low degrees of shading for the crops cultivated on the ground beneath the modules. However, if agrivoltaics is a suitable application for the Swedish climate or not is still an open question. Economic analysis is needed to examine the profitability of agrivoltaic systems in Sweden, and experimental studies on how the shading from the PV modules affect the crop growth in practice would also be useful. In the result section, there are some example layouts given for different degrees of tolerated ground shading which can be used when planning for future agrivoltaic parks. The results generated in the optical light simulations will be accessible for future research.
These data files can be found attached together with this report on the DiVA portal.Optimizing the Spectral Sharing in a Vertical Bifacial Agrivoltaics Farm
Organic Photovoltaic Greenhouses: A Unique Application for Semi-Transparent PV?
transparency, flexibility, and rapid, roll to roll manufacture, opening the potential for unique niche applications. We report a detailed techno-economic analysis of one such application, namely the photovoltaic greenhouse, and discuss whether the unique properties of the technology can provide advantages over conventional photovoltaics. The potential for spectral selectivity through the choice of OPV materials is evaluated for the case of a photovoltaic greenhouse. The action spectrum of typical greenhouse crops is used to determine the impact on crop growth of blocking different spectral ranges from the crops. Transfer matrix optical modelling is used to assess the efficiency and spectrally resolved transparency of a variety of commercially available semi-conducting polymer materials, in addition to a non-commercial low-band-gap material with absorption outside that required for crop growth. Economic analysis suggests there could be a huge potential for OPV greenhouses if aggressive cost targets can be met. Technical analysis shows that semi-transparent OPV devices may struggle to perform better than opaque crystalline silicon with partial coverage, however, OPV devices using the low-band-gap material PMDPP3T, as well as a high efficiency mid-band-gap polymer PCDTBT, can demonstrate improved performance in comparison to opaque, flexible thin-film modules such as CIGS. These results stress the importance of developing new, highly transparent electrode and interlayer materials, along with high
efficiency active layers, if the full potential of this application is going to be realised.Organic Photovoltaics on Greenhouse Rooftops: Effects on Plant Growth
Outdoor Behaviour of Organic Photovoltaics on a Greenhouse Roof
Overcoming Unreasonably Burdensome Restrictions on the Use of Farmland for Solar Generation
Overview of Opportunities for Co-Location of Solar Energy Technologies and Vegetation
Overview of the Fundamentals and Applications of Bifacial Photovoltaic Technology: Agrivoltaics and Aquavoltaics
Overview of the Potential and Challenges for Agri-Photovoltaics in the European Union
PV Technology and Manufacturing
PYM: A New, Affordable, Image-based Method Using a Raspberry Pi to Phenotype Plant Leaf Area in a Wide Diversity of Environments
Plant science uses increasing amounts of phenotypic data to unravel the complex interactions between biological systems and their variable environments. Originally, phenotyping approaches were limited by manual, often destructive operations, causing large errors. Plant imaging emerged as a viable alternative allowing non-invasive and automated data acquisition. Several procedures based on image analysis were developed to monitor leaf growth as a major phenotyping target. However, in most proposals, a time-consuming parameterization of the analysis pipeline is required to handle variable conditions between images, particularly in the field due to unstable light and interferences with soil surface or weeds. To cope with these difficulties, we developed a low-cost, 2D imaging method, hereafter called PYM. The method is based on plant leaf ability to absorb blue light while reflecting infrared wavelengths. PYM consists of a Raspberry Pi computer equipped with an infrared camera and a blue filter and is associated with scripts that compute projected leaf area. This new method was tested on diverse species placed in contrasting conditions. Application to field conditions was evaluated on lettuces grown under photovoltaic panels. The objective was to look for possible acclimation of leaf expansion under photovoltaic panels to optimise the use of solar radiation per unit soil area.
Results The new PYM device proved to be efficient and accurate for screening leaf area of various species in wide ranges of environments. In the most challenging conditions that we tested, error on plant leaf area was reduced to 5% using PYM compared to 100% when using a recently published method. A high-throughput phenotyping cart, holding 6 chained PYM devices, was designed to capture up to 2000 pictures of field-grown lettuce plants in less than 2 h. Automated analysis of image stacks of individual plants over their growth cycles revealed unexpected differences in leaf expansion rate between lettuces rows depending on their position below or between the photovoltaic panels.
Conclusions
The imaging device described here has several benefits, such as affordability, low cost, reliability and flexibility for online analysis and storage. It should be easily appropriated and customized to meet the needs of various users.Parametric Open Source Cold-Frame Agrivoltaic Systems
Partial Shading by Solar Panels Delays Bloom, Increases Floral Abundance during the Late-Season for Pollinators in a Dryland, Agrivoltaic Ecosystem
Pasture Production and Lamb Growth in Agrivoltaic System
Pembuatan Prototipe Pengimplementasian Agrivoltaic Pada Tanaman Cabai Di Tambak, Mojosongo, Boyolali
Performance Analysis and Neural Modelling of a Greenhouse Integrated Photovoltaic System
Performance Analysis of Agrophotovoltaic Systems with Solanum Lycopersicum Crops
Performance Analysis of Greenhouses with Integrated Photovoltaic Modules
Performance Analysis of Radiation and Electricity Yield in a Photovoltaic Panel Integrated Greenhouse Using the Radiation and Thermal Models
Performance Analysis of a Spectrally Selective Solar Cell Using PV-GIS Data
the transmittance to the Chlorophyll absorption spectrum. In contrast to opaque agrivoltaic systems with spatial shading, the spectrally selective approach allows full coverage of greenhouses or photo-bioreactors. Recently, we presented a SSSC that is based on a resonant cavity enhanced solar cell. However, the transmission window of the SSSC is dependent on the entrance angle. In this work we analyze the impact of the installation angle and the cardinal orientation of the SSSC on the transmitted light for the locations Almeria, Spain and Oldenburg, Germany. Furthermore, we compare the performance of an experimentally realized SSSC and of the estimated future potential of an improved SSSC. This work shows, that the
selective transparency has enough angular robustness to supply plants all year long with vital illumination.Performance Evaluation for Agrovoltaic DC Generation in Tropical Climatic Conditions
Performance Evaluation of Vertical Bifacial and Single-axis Tracked Agrivoltaic Systems on Arable Land
Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems for Shade-Intolerant Crops: Land for Both Food and Clean Energy Production
The results showed that the stilt-mounted agrivoltaic system can mitigate the trade-off between crop production and clean energy generation even when applied to shade-intolerant crops. First, the biomass of corn stover grown in the low-density PV module configuration was larger than that of the no-module control configuration by 4.9%. Second, the corn yield per square meter of the low-density configuration was larger than that of the control by 5.6%. Third, the total annual revenue of the high-density configuration was 8.3 times larger than that of the control, while that of the low-density configuration was 4.7 times larger. Furthermore, according to the cost-benefit analysis for this case study, a good return on the investment is likely for such agrivoltaic systems. The cost-benefit ratios of high-density and low-density configurations over a 20-year period were 1.898 and 1.779, respectively, indicating that both systems would be financially feasible.
The results of this research should encourage more conventional farmers, clean energy producers, and policy makers to consider adopting stilt-mounted PV systems. Beyond its applications in agriculture, this system has the potential to generate electricity on pasture land, water surfaces, roads, and many other places without devastating the natural environment. Particularly in densely populated regions, mountainous areas, small inhabited islands, and barren desert areas, where land resources are relatively scarce, this system could exploit limited land resources for simultaneous food and clean energy production.
Performance of Photovoltaic Canarian Greenhouse: a Comparison Study Between Summer and Winter Seasons
In this paper, we investigated the shading effect of the flexible photovoltaic panels, mounted on the greenhouse roof area in the checkerboard format, on the microclimate and the tomatoes yield during the summer and winter period. This study was undertaken in a two tomato canarian greenhouses, typical of the south Mediterranean region.
The results of our study showed that the photovoltaic panels covering 40% roof area of the canary type greenhouse does not have a significant effect on the climatic parameters. Additionally, during the hot period, the photovoltaic panels reduced the temperature inside the greenhouse and sometimes falling in the optimum range for the tomatoes growth. Furthermore, this occupancy rate of the photovoltaic panels does not have a significant effect on the overall yield of tomatoes.Perovskite Solar Cells: Emerging Photovoltaic Technology for Achieving Net-Zero Emission Agrivoltaics Ecosystem
Photosynthetically Active Radiation Decomposition Models for Agrivoltaic Systems Applications
Photovoltaic Agricultural Internet of Things Towards Realizing the Next Generation of Smart Farming
Photovoltaic Agriculture - New Opportunity for Photovoltaic Applications in China
Photovoltaic Application in Modern Agriculture
Photovoltaic Greenhouses: A Feasible Solutions for Islands? Design, Operation, Monitoring and Lessons Learned From a Real Case Study
Photovoltaic Greenhouses: Evaluation of Shading Effect and Its Influence on Agricultural Performances
Photovoltaic Panel Temperature and Heat Distribution Analysis for Thermoelectric Generator Application
Photovoltaic Panels as Shading Resources for Livestock
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion: Technologies, Applications and Environmental Impacts
Photovoltaic Tea Plantation in China
Photovoltaic Win–Win
Photovoltaic/Spectrum Performance Analysis of a Multifunctional Solid Spectral Splitting Covering for Passive Solar Greenhouse Roof
Photovoltaics Alter Plant Productivity
Photovoltaics and Electrification in Agriculture
Photovoltaics in Agriculture: A Case Study on Decision Making of Farmers
Photovoltaics in Horticulture as an Opportunity to Reduce Operating Costs. A Case Study in Poland
Photovoltaics in Swedish Agriculture: Technical Potential, Grid Integration and Profitability
Photovoltaism, Agriculture and Ecology: From Agrivoltaism to Ecovoltaism
Planning Ground Based Utility Scale Solar Energy as Green Infrastructure to Enhance Ecosystem Services
Plant Growth Under Photovoltaic Arrays of Varying Transparencies – A Study of Plant Response to Light and Shadow in Agrivoltaic Systems
Research efforts at Colorado State University (CSU) aim to advance the understanding of plant responses to various shade conditions under PV arrays, benefiting stakeholders in agriculture, solar energy industries, policymakers, and governmental agencies. In particular, agrivoltaic research conducted at CSU's Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (HLA) department has focused on open field specialty crops and native pollinator plant species while documenting the overarching light and temperature growing environment. A replicated 2-year crop trial was conducted at the open field test site, comparing crop yield and growing conditions under three different PV module types with varying transparencies to traditional full sun production. Statistical analysis revealed a reduction in squash yield directly under the PV panels while no significant differences in yield for bell peppers, jalapeno peppers, lettuce and tomatoes growing north and south of the arrays. In a separate study, a simulated green roof structure was constructed around an existing PV array at CSU's Foothills Campus to explore the feasibility of rooftop agrivoltaics. A one-year study of six native pollinator plant species was conducted to assess differences in establishment, survivability, growth index, and growing conditions between full sun and PV shade environments. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences in mean Plant Growth Index (PGI) throughout the establishment season, however, notable variations in overwinter survivability were observed.
In both studies the PV modules moderated the environment, resulting in lower maximum daytime ambient temperatures and even greater reduction in soil temperature throughout the growing season. Light levels are reduced under all PV module types with the least reduction under semi-transparent modules. Variations in growing conditions in these APV systems indicate the need for further research to optimize PV systems in order to maximize energy production and plant vitality.
Plant Growth and Development Under Experimental Transparent Photovoltaic and Red-Fluorescent Greenhouse Coverings
photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; 400–700 nm), and diffuseness (i.e., light scattering). Such characteristics can independently or interactively impact the growth and development of greenhouse crops. There is increasing interest in developing and integrating advanced greenhouse covers with 1) photovoltaic (PV) materials that generate electricity to power mechanical equipment or provide an additional, passive income source for growers; and 2) fluorescent pigments that alter the solar spectrum to potentially increase crop growth and yield. Despite their potential, their shortand long-term effects on greenhouse crop yield and quality are largely unknown. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the growth, flowering, and fruiting of economically important greenhouse crops under experimental transparent PV panels and red-fluorescent covers to inform further development and ultimately application in greenhouse-based horticulture. The integration of PV panels in agriculture, commonly referred to as "agrivoltaics", is a possible solution to concurrently address the rising global energy and food demand while considering land-use efficiency. As PV materials have developed technologically, they can now be designed to selectively transmit PAR and potentially be integrated into greenhouse structures. However, a tradeoff is created where PV materials and plants compete for the same resource – solar energy. The tradeoffs of PV panel absorption (for electricity generation) and transmission (for plant growth) of various light wavebands are not well understood. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of
neutral-density and experimental, photoselective PV materials that primarily absorbed photons between 400 and 850 nm on commercially important crop types of leafy greens, culinary herbs, fruiting crops, and floriculture crops. Regardless of the transmitted photon distribution, the best predictor of crop yield and quality was the average daily light integral (DLI; 400–700 nm). Over multiple years of research, leafy greens, culinary herbs, and floriculture crops exhibited greater tolerance to PV shading than fruiting crops and therefore have the greatest potential for cultivation in agrivoltaic systems. In contrast, PV shading decreased the yield of fruiting crops. Our findings collectively suggest that PV panels with the greatest PAR transmission (i.e., primarily absorb photons <400 and >700 nm) are the most suitable for greenhouse applications. At the same PPFD, decreasing the intensity of blue (B; 400–499 nm) and green (G; 500–599 nm) light and increasing the intensity of red (R; 600–699 nm) light can potentially increase plant biomass accumulation. This can be attributed to a higher photosynthetic efficiency of R light compared to B and G light, as well as greater leaf expansion and photon interception in a low Blight environment. Spectrum-shifting films absorb B and G light and amplify R light, and to a lesser extent, far-red (FR; 700–750 nm) light. However, this spectral conversion decreases the transmitted PPFD. Our objective was to determine whether a red-fluorescent material would increase biomass accumulation of various greenhouse crops despite the reduction in DLI. In an initial study, a redfluorescent material increased the shoot fresh mass (SFM) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) by up to 45%, depending on cultivar, compared to a neutral-density (unpigmented) plastic with a 10–25% higher transmitted PPFD. Cultivars with the greatest increase in SFM also had greater leaf area, projected canopy area, and/or plant diameter. In a second study, a red-fluorescent material increased the SFM of lettuce by 17–27% compared to a neutral-density plastic with a similar transmitted DLI, but this effect was not consistent among fruiting or floriculture crops. These experimental results enhance our understanding of the interplay between light quality and intensity on crop growth and opportunities and limitations of using red-fluorescent plastics and transparent PV panels in greenhouse horticulture.Pollinator-Focused Solar: Observations of Plant-Pollinator Interactions in The Agrivoltaic Understory
Possibilities of Pollinator Conservation Under Solar Farming
Possible Implementations of Agrivoltaics in Sweden: With Focus on Solar Irradiation and Electricity Production
Potential Evaluation of Agrivoltaic Case of Kyoto Prefecture Japan
Potential of Agrivoltaics Systems Into Olive Groves in the Mediterranean Region
Potential of Agrivoltaics to Contribute to Socio-Economic Sustainability: A Case Study in Maharashtra/India
This paper summarizes the findings of a feasibility study on a 50 MWp agrivoltaic project in Maharashtra conducted by Fraunhofer ISE in 2018/2019 focusing on social impact and economic viability. The analyses indicate that an agrivoltaic system appears economically feasible with expected levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of INR 2.02 (EUR 0.0243) already including cost on water management, rainwater harvesting, water storage, and irrigation. Depending on the institutional arrangement between the farming community and the investor, the social impact is expected to vary from high benefits to risk of severe poverty among affected farmers.
Further findings indicate that the use of bifacial glass-glass PV modules raises electrical yield by 6.4% compared to mono facial modules. Regarding land use, the study suggests that the analyzed agrivoltaic system is likely to almost double average land use efficiency measured by the combined output of electricity and agriculture per unit of land (+94%).Powering Agriculture: Present Status, Future Potential, and Challenges of Renewable Energy Applications
Precision Agriculture: Automated Irrigation System in Tandem With Solar Panels for Melon Farming Cultivation
Predicting Patterns of Solar Energy Buildout to Identify Opportunities for Biodiversity Conservation
Price for Covering Cropland with an Agrivoltaic System: PV Panels Replacing Shading Nets in Chilean Blueberry Cultivation
Productivity and Radiation Use Efficiency of Lettuces Grown in the Partial Shade of Photovoltaic Panels
Progress In Agriculture Photovoltaic Leveraging CPV
Progress and Challenges of Crop Production and Electricity Generation in Agrivoltaic Systems Using Semi-transparent Photovoltaic Technology
Projection of Local Energy Balance Considering the Potential of Agrivoltaics
amounts of renewable energy and building independent and decentralized energy systems. As a basis for the discussion, we projected the balance of renewable energy supply potential and electricity demand in each of the 59 municipalities in Fukushima Prefecture. We found that the total supply of electricity in the prefecture is more
than twice as large as their demand, but that the supply is insufficient in some municipalities and that the supply-demand balance can be improved by aggregating the municipalities into seven regional blocs.Promising Potentials of Agrivoltaic Systems for the Development of Malaysia Green Economy
Proper Design for the Integration of Photovoltaic and Agricultural Production According to the Agrivoltaic Paradigm
Proposal of Energy Independent Greenhouse
Quantitatively Distinguishing the Impact of Solar Photovoltaics Programs on Vegetation in Dryland Using Satellite Imagery
Rain Concentration and Sheltering Effect of Solar Panels on Cultivated Plots
Rainwater Management in Agrivoltaic Systems
mounting photovoltaic modules at a certain height above (or in between strips of) agricultural land. A local and systemlevel incorporation of water management is imperative to the sustainable implementation of agrivoltaics. Water raining on the modules can be gathered and used for distinct purposes: groundwater recharge, crop irrigation, and cleaning and cooling of the PV modules. This research provides an initial overview of positive and negative impacts for each water use concept and outlines issues that should be taken into consideration and the potential for research and development. Various Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) technologies are a way to clean and store the water periodically in an underlying aquifer. Irrigation increases yield within the plant level and therefore increases the system’s output. Thanks to the power supply generated by the PV modules, high-tech irrigation systems can be implemented in agrivoltaic systems; the special adaption of irrigation systems to agrivoltaics poses significant potential for research and development. Meanwhile, the necessity, i.e., profitability of cleaning and/ or cooling PV modules depends on local environmental and economic factors. Several cleaning techniques have been developed to mitigate soiling, ranging from manual cleaning to fully automatic cleaning systems. In agrivoltaic systems, the soiling risk can increase. Semiautomatic systems seem to have the greatest potential for agrivoltaics, because they can be used with farming equipment. Multiple cooling techniques have been developed to decrease cell temperature to increase power output, with some of them involving water. Water flowing over the module surface is a promising cooling technique for agrivoltaic applications. Attaching a perforated tube to the upper edge, the entire module can be covered in a thin film of water which cools very effectively (while also cleaning the surface). A closed-circuit system could be created involving the technical components used for rainwater harvesting. The economic feasibility of cooling panels in agrivoltaic systems needs to be investigated. In certain locations, rainwater-harvesting could also be relevant for
ground-mounted PV systems.Realising Co-Benefits for Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services from Solar Parks: A Co-Developed, Evidence-Based Approach
Reducing Land Competition for Agriculture and Photovoltaic Energy Generation-A Comparison of Two Agro-Photovoltaic Plants in Japan
electricity. However, its wide-spread application can cause competition of land-use to arise due to the large areas required. To lessen this competition, concepts for co-usage of photovoltaics and agriculture have been proposed. In an agro-photovoltaic plant electricity is generated from photovoltaic (PV) panels mounted in designed spacing and height, so that limited shading allows for productive agriculture on the land below. A well-designed agro-photovoltaic system can potentially reduce land-use competition and provide additional income and employment opportunities in rural areas which are currently under pressure of depopulation and over-aging in Japan. This work looks at the implementation of two realizations of the concept within the present framework in Japan. The light distribution underneath the PV arrays is calculated. Total received sun light at ground level varies greatly between the two designs with
81% and 43% compared to unobstructed condition. Homogeneity and time-variability of direct sun light incidence are discussed.Relative Yield Decomposition: A Method for Understanding the Behaviour of Complex Crop Models
Remarkable Agrivoltaic Influence on Soil Moisture, Micrometeorology and Water-Use Efficiency
Research on Modular Hortivoltaic Solutions
Research on Niche Evaluation of Photovoltaic Agriculture in China
Research on Shading Effect inside Photovoltaic Greenhouses and Its Optimization Method Based on Parametric Modeling
Research on the Size Optimization of Photovoltaic Panels and Integrated Application With Chinese Solar Greenhouses
Residential Agrivoltaics: Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation in the Urban Landscape
Review of Agrivoltaics Systems Potential in Palestine
Review of Results of Agro-Photovoltaic Systems Implementation in Agriculture
Review on Agrophotovoltaic Systems With a Premise on Thermal Management of Photovoltaic Modules Therein
the concept of APV is known for the last two decades, its actual penetration in society is inconsiderable. The objective of the current article is to discuss the various APV systems explored in the past and to highlight the futuristic APVs. Furthermore, this study presents the review of the available experimental work on the performance and environmental and techno-economic aspects of the APV systems. The key features, crop selection criteria, feasible crops for Indian climatic conditions, and the future research directions of APV systems have been summarized. Furthermore, apart from the known techno-economic benefts of APV, a premise on its another utility for the thermal management of the solar PV modules by crops’ natural transpiration cooling has been presented in this study. A theoretical study demonstrates the gain in the electrical output of the solar PV plant as compared with the conventional PV installation. The theoretical study has been carried out considering the meteorological data of Nagpur (21.1458° N, 79.0882° E). The estimation has been carried out using Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) model, NREL irradiance database—NSRDB, and System Advisor Model (SAM). An experimental study has been conducted on APV systems with a 2-kW solar PV plant and tomato crops to investigate its actual performance. The study shows an increment of 17.96% in the daily energy generation as compared
with the conventional solar PV power plant.Review on Photovoltaic Agriculture Application and Its Potential on Grape Farms in Xinjiang, China
Seasonal Storage for Excess Solar Energy on Farms in Norway
and schools are also investing in solar photovoltaics (PV). Farmers have the option to install PV on their agricultural land. This concept, known as agrivoltaics (APV), involves the dual use of energy production and agriculture on the same land area. The number of APV installations globally has grown over the past years, but it is still a relatively new concept in Norway. Such systems predominantly generate power during summer, while Norwegian electricity consumers use the most electricity during winter. Additionally, these winter months are the period when the electricity spot prices reach their highest peaks. For farmers with APV, utilizing seasonal storage can be a solution to this challenge. Seasonal storage can charge during periods of excess power production and discharge when the prices are high. This can contribute to more efficient use of the produced solar power and may benefit the farmer financially.
This thesis will investigate the implementation of APV and seasonal storage at Skjetlein High School. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of seasonal storage will be discussed. Possible APV scenarios will be simulated and used in a storage model. An optimization model is constructed to find a suitable storage size (capacity and power rating) according to one of two control strategies. The first control strategy aims to minimize the total electricity bill, while the other strategy aims to minimize the electricity bill and storage investment costs. The results show that the integration of seasonal storage can reduce electricity bill costs from 62-78%. However, the thesis suggests that seasonal storage systems are less economically feasible than smaller storage systems with a duration from weeks to a couple of months.Sector-Wide Social Impact Scoping of Agrivoltaic Systems: A Case Study in Japan
Semi-Transparent Organic Photovoltaics Applied as Greenhouse Shade for Spring and Summer Tomato Production in Arid Climate
Semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics for Agrivoltaic Applications
Sensitivity Analysis for Optimized Agrivoltaic Designs: An Inquiry on the Trade-off Between Homogenous Light Conditions and Electrical Yield
Shade of Solar Panels Relieves Heat Load Of Sheep
Shading Analysis of Agrivoltaic Systems: The Shading’s Effect on Lettuce and Potato From Elevated Agrivoltaic System in Sweden
Shading Apple Trees With an Agrivoltaic System: Impact on Water Relations, Leaf Morphophysiological Characteristics and Yield Determinants
Shading Effect of Photovoltaic Panels on Horticulture Crops Production: A Mini Review
Shading and Electric Performance of a Prototype Greenhouse Blind System Based on Semi-transparent Photovoltaic Technology
Shading and Par Under Different Density Agrivoltaic Systems, Their Simulation and Effect on Wheat Productivity
Simulated Solar Panels Create Altered Microhabitats in Desert Landforms
Simulation Approach to Estimate Rice Yield and Energy Generation Under Agrivoltaic System
Simulation and Analysis of Green House Based Agri-Voltaic System Using Energy 3D Software
around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy. The demand for food and energy is increasing at a fast rate and their security has become the prime issue. The sun provides the necessary energy to crops and vegetations to carry out photosynthesis so that plants can grow and bear fruits and vegetables. Agriculture and energy production using PV cells can be used together to form Agri-Voltaic system, which is capable of producing non-conventional energy as well as agricultural products. Agricultural products can be grown in small green houses. These green houses can be installed with solar panel. The performance of green house on roof-integrated with crystalline photovoltaic (PV) system installed located at Guwahati,
Assam in North-East India using Energy 3D software have been used here for analysis.Simulation model to Analyze the Spatial Distribution of Solar Radiation in Agrivoltaic Mediterranean Greenhouses and Its Effect on Crop Water Needs
To address this dilemma, the present study proposes a new model to simulate the distribution and uniformity of the radiation inside agrivoltaic greenhouses with PV panels installed on their rooftops. The proposed model can analyze any plane geometry for greenhouses as well as any PV panel layout and surface covering percentage. It can also generate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) maps to analyze the effect of radiation on crop water requirements and support farmers to manage irrigation.
The results of the model not only provide the average reduction of radiation as a function of the fraction of greenhouse covered by PV panels, but also the uniformity of the radiation distribution, which is a key factor when designing an agrivoltaic greenhouse. The proposed model was validated by applying it to a case study in a real experimental greenhouse that had been utilized in a previous research work.Simulation of Crop Yields Grown Under Agro-Photovoltaic Panels: A Case Study in Chonnam Province, South Korea
Simulation of Solar Irradiance Distribution Under Agrivoltaic Facilities
Siting Renewable Energy Facilities Using a Matching Algorithm: A Case Study in Japan
Smart Cities and Communities: A Case Study of Agrovoltaic Systems Applied to an Italian Urban Periphery
Smart Sustainable Agrivoltaics Systems: The Future of Sustainable Agricultural Technology (Agri-tech) and Green Energy
Social Acceptance of Dual Land Use Approaches: Stakeholders' Perceptions of the Drivers and Barriers Confronting Agrivoltaics Diffusion
Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy Development in Southern Spain: Exploring Tendencies, Locations, Criteria and Situations
Soil properties changes after seven years of ground mounted photovoltaic panels in Central Italy coastal area
plants installed on the ground represent a key to mitigating global climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. However, it could represent an emerging source of land consumption, although reversible, which prevents the use of soils for agricultural purposes and may affect crucial ecosystems services. Despite the large widespread deployment of photovoltaic plants, their potential effect on soil properties has been poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to assess changes of soil physical, chemical and biochemical properties seven years after the installation of the panels. For this purpose, the soil under photovoltaic panels was compared with the GAP area between the panels’ arrays and with an adjacent soil not affected by the plant. The main results showed that seven years of soil coverage modified soil fertility with the significant reduction of water holding capacity and soil temperature, while electrical conductivity (EC) and pH increased. Additionally, under the panels soil organic matter was dramatically reduced (− 61% and − 50% for TOC and TN, respectively compared to GAP area) inducing a parallel decrease of microbial activity assessed either as respiration or enzymatic activities. As for the effect of land use change, the installation of the power plant induced significant changes in soils’ physical, chemical and biochemical properties creating a striped pattern that may require some time to recover the necessary homogeneity of soil properties but shouldn’t compromise the future re-conversion to agricultural
land use after power plant decommissioning.Soilless Production of Wild Rocket as Affected by Greenhouse Coverage with Photovoltaic Modules
Solar Energy Advancements in Agriculture and Food Production Systems
Solar Energy Development on Farmland: Three Prevalent Perspectives of Conflict, Synergy and Compromise in the United States
Solar Energy Farming as a Development Innovation for Vulnerable Water Basins
Solar Energy Generation Using Agriculture Cultivated Lands
Solar Energy Within the Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus: A Systematic Review
Conference, nexus research has grown rapidly. As a result, and due to its interdisciplinary nature, an array of academic literature now engages in the WEF nexus, often in seemingly separate disciplines. Solar energy is one of the most popular renewable energy sources; however, its role within the WEF nexus has only recently gained traction. Through a systematic review, this article examines the current state of knowledge regarding solar energy’s role within the WEF nexus, how solar energy impacts water, energy, and food (in)security, and its potential synergies and trade-offs within the WEF nexus. Accordingly, all the relevant English-language peer-reviewed publications from 2011 and onwards that focus on solar energy’s role within the WEF nexus are reviewed, followed by qualitative conventional content analysis. Four main themes emerge from the review and analysis process: general solar energy deployment, agrivoltaics, aquavoltaics and solar energy greenhouse desalination systems. This article shows that, although the current state of knowledge about solar energy’s role within the WEF nexus is sparse, solar energy creates great synergies regarding improving water, energy, and food security and has an overall positive impact within the WEF nexus. However, threats to local water sources remain a challenge since increased access to unregulated solar energy in areas without or with little previous access to energy can create water overuse, often due to extensive irrigation of food crops. On the other hand, agrivoltaics and aquavoltaics create strong synergies, and both offer water-efficient means of producing energy and food. However, aquavoltaics often undermine food production, while agrivoltaics impact on food production varies depending on what crops are grown and their location. Solar energy greenhouse desalination systems offer a way of creating self-sufficient food production but have only been examined on a small-scale level. All main research areas require more research to identify the full scope of solar energy’s role within the
WEF nexus.Solar Energy in Urban Planning: Lesson Learned and Recommendations from Six Italian Case Studies
Solar Farms as the Only Power Source for the Entire Country
Solar PV Power Potential is Greatest Over Croplands
Solar Panel Energy Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Farming: A Review
Solar Park Microclimate and Vegetation Management Effects on Grassland Carbon Cycling
Solar Parks: A Review on Impacts, Mitigation, Mechanism Through Agrivoltaics and Technoeconomic Analysis
Solar Photovoltaic Architecture and Agronomic Management in Agrivoltaic System: A Review
Solar Power to the People: A Call to Integrate Agrivoltaics into the Biden Administration’s Plans for Supporting Minority Farmers and Reducing Carbon Emissions
Solar Power to the People: A Call to Integrate Agrivoltaics into the Biden Administration’s Plans for Supporting Minority Farmers and Reducing Carbon Emissions
practices against minority farmers and bolster rural energy and food security, while reaching carbon neutrality by 2035. Agrivoltaics has the potential to enable the achievement of many of the Biden administration’s goals while supporting minority communities, clean energy infrastructure, and food security. While more research is warranted to perfect this technique, there is strong support for the colocation of PV modules and agricultural or horticultural production. With so many potential benefits, incentives and clear regulations are needed to allow farmers the opportunity to diversify their income and generate clean energy while maintaining farming practices. The prohibitive up front capital cost is a main hurdle to the achievement of agrivoltaics. As sunsetting incentives and state zoning restrictions obstruct innovation through the application of agrivoltaics, it will be important for the Biden administration to offer additional financial help to struggling farmers, especially Black and Native American farmers who have
historically been discriminated against.Solar Radiation Distribution Inside a Greenhouse with South-oriented Photovoltaic Roofs and Effects on Crop Productivity
Solar Radiation Distribution Method for a Photovoltaic Greenhouse based on the Maximization of Annual Economic Benefits
Solar Radiation Distribution inside a Greenhouse Prototypal with Photovoltaic Mobile Plant and Effects on Flower Growth
obtaining good energy and production efficiency. Even if the latter is not always easy to obtain, the integration of photovoltaic panels on the roof of greenhouses intended for floriculture can represent an alternative. The present paper evaluates climatic conditions inside a greenhouse, in which 20% of its roof surface has been replaced with mobile photovoltaic (PV) panels. The PV system implemented in this study can vary the light energy collection surface in relation to the degree of insolation. The aim is to observe the shading effects of the PV system on the growth of several varieties of flowers (iberis, mini-cyclamens and petunias) to ensure the use of solar energy as an income integration deriving from floricultural production. In fact, in agronomic terms, it has ensured: (i) to be able to shade the underlying environment in most lighting conditions; and (ii) to let through more light when it is required for the needs of crop plants or in cloudy weather. Results have described the distribution of solar radiation, variability of temperature and humidity and lighting in a solar year and the observed
outcomes on floristic production.Solar Sharing for Both Food and Clean Energy Production: Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems for Corn, A Typical Shade-Intolerant Crop
Solar photovoltaic wood racking mechanical design for trellis-based agrivoltaics
Solar radiation distribution inside a monospan greenhouse with the roof entirely covered by photovoltaic panels
Solar radiation inside greenhouses covered with semitransparent photovoltaic film: first experimental results
Spatial Distribution Model of Solar Radiation for Agrivoltaic Land Use in Fixed PV Plants
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density within Agrivoltaic System in Hot Arid Region of India
Spatial-Temporal Shading Under Mobile & Fixed Tilt Bifacial Agrivoltaic Panels & Implications for the Cropping Practices
Spectral engineering of ultrathin germanium solar cells for combined photovoltaic and photosynthesis
Spectral-Splitting Concentrator Agrivoltaics for Higher Hybrid Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
Spectrally Selective Modules for Agrivoltaics
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are required to reach ‘net zero’ by 2050 [1]. If this is to be achieved cumulative global installation of photovoltaic (PV) generation will need to grow 100-fold from 0.9 TW today to approximately 70 TW by mid-century [2-4]. It is on land currently dedicated to agriculture that a majority of solar PV will be deployed globally. There are several drivers for this. Agricultural land is generally: already cleared, flat, free from protected status and close to existing transport infrastructure and population centres, allowing deployment and operation costs to be minimised. Most importantly though a large majority of solar PV deployment will occur close to existing electricity grid transmission infrastructure which is located around and between major population centres [4, 5]. The same areas in which the most productive agricultural land is located. This vast expansion of PV deployment into agricultural regions raises the pertinent question of how
best to integrate solar PV with agriculture and as far as possible maximise the benefits to both.Status Report on Emerging Photovoltaics
of the global energy landscape, with ∼4.5% of the world’s electricity being generated and ∼240 GW of new installations in 2022.1,2 However, further acceleration of PVand other renewable energy sources is urgently required to mitigate the impacts of global greenhouse gas emissions. A recent analysis has concluded that PV needs to grow at ∼25% annually with a target of 75 TW of global installations by 2050, a ∼75x increase from current installed capacity.3 While the existing PV landscape is largely dominated by silicon (crystalline and polycrystalline) and CdTe, achieving these long-term goals can be greatly aided by the development of new materials, device concepts, and light management strategies that enable higher efficiencies and more scalable and sustainable manufacturing. This article is intended to provide a snapshot of the current status of emerging PVapproaches that show potential in helping to achieve the above goals. It is intended to be a convenient resource for people within and outside the field, including new researchers, students, technology managers, and program managers, who can play a role in accelerating the global effort. The article is structured in sections covering silicon (Sec. 2), thin film (Sec. 3), III-V (Sec. 4), perovskite (Sec. 5), organic (Sec. 6), and dye-sensitized solar cells (Sec. 7). Each section provides background, a technology status update, and challenges towards commercialization/scalability. Subsequent sections provide an overview of the applications and commercialization of emerging PV (Sec. 8), strategies for exceeding the detailed balance limit (Sec. 9), and concepts in light management (Sec. 10). A final section describes sustainability and environmental impact issues that apply to all the above technologies (Sec. 11). The article concludes with a perspectives section (Sec. 12) that first discusses common themes that appear throughout the article, and then also presents and draws conclusions from a survey of emerging PV, which was completed anonymously
by contributing authors.Strategic land use analysis for solar energy development in New York State
needed to achieve the State’s renewable energy goals using GIS-MCDA techniques. Slope, proximity to electric substations, protected lands, and soil quality were used as criteria to develop land suitability scenarios. 40% of present USSE capacity has been developed on agricultural lands, and 84% of identified land suitable for future USSE development (~140 GW potential) is agricultural. The USSE potential on non-agricultural land is 22.5 GW e just sufficient to accommodate the development of 21.6 GW, which is the estimated USSE capacity that will be required to achieve NYS’s 2030 goal of 70% renewable electricity. Thus, agricultural lands will be the prime target for future USSE development. Exploring the statespecific synergies for solar-agriculture colocation, preventing the spatially-concentrated development of USSE, and incentivizing the use of unproductive agricultural lands will help mitigate negative impacts
of USSE development on agricultural lands.Studies of Climatic Parameters Under Agrivoltaic Structure
Study of agrivoltaic system to optimize arable land use for energy production in Rwanda
Study on Photovoltaic Modules on Greenhouse Roof for Energy and Strawberry Production
Study on the Feasibility of Agrivoltaics in the Kansai Region of Japan
Studying the Impact of Agrivoltaic Systems Across the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus
Survey on the social acceptance of the productive façade concept integrating photovoltaic and farming systems in high-rise public housing blocks in Singapore
Survey on the social acceptance of the productive façade concept integrating photovoltaic and farming systems in high-rise public housing blocks in Singapore
Sustainability Evaluation of Modern Photovoltaic Agriculture Based on Interval Type-2 Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS and Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Fireworks Algorithm
Sustainable Co-Production of Food and Solar Power to Relax Land-Use Constraints
Sustainable Food and Agriculture: Employment of Renewable Energy Technologies
Sustainable and Intelligent Phytoprotection in Photovoltaic Agriculture: New Challenges and Opportunities
Synergy between Photovoltaic Panels and Green Roofs
in sustainable building strategies are imperative. In this regard, the performance of a double-roof house consisting of a photovoltaic panel roof (PV) and green roof (GR) was compared to traditional solar-roof buildings. The synergy between both the PV and GR systems was analysed by numerical simulations and physical modelling across the four seasons. The performance of the systems was assessed on three dimensions: indoor thermal comfort, photovoltaic temperature, and energy yield. The synergy of photovoltaic roofs with green roofs kept the indoor environment 6% more comfortable than solar roofs. The synergy also reduced the photovoltaic temperature by up to 8 C, extending the
PV life span and increasing the energy yield by 18%.Synthesis of a Halogenated Low Bandgap Polymeric Donor for Semi-Transparent and Near-Infrared Organic Solar Cells
aesthetic and space-saving solar energy systems such as multi-colored semitransparent building-integrated photovoltaic or grow light transparent agrivoltaic systems. As visibly semitransparent photoactive materials, the low bandgap (LBG) donor polymer and acceptor present new opportunities for the realization of ST-OSCs because they can facilitate photovoltaic generation of electricity from near-infrared (NIR) light without signif- icant absorption of visible light. However, while various LBG non-fullerene acceptors have been recently developed to realize highly efficient ST-OSCs, there are only a few reports on LBG donor polymers that achieve efficient photo-induced charge generation from NIR light as well as allow the propagation of visible light. In this study, LBG donor polymers consisting of BD-F and BD-Cl as the halogenated derivatives of poly{2,6′ -4,8-di(5- ethylhexylthienyl)benzo[1,2-b; 3,4-b]dithiophene-alt-5-dibutyloctyl-3,6-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrole-1,4-dione} (BD-H) were synthesized. The BD-F:Y6 and BD-Cl:Y6 OSCs showed higher open-circuit voltages and fill factors than BD-H:Y6 due to their downshifted energy level and efficient charge extraction characteristics. Consequently, the BD-Cl:Y6 OSCs achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.62%. Furthermore, with the introduction of a metal oxide/metal/metal oxide transparent electrode, the BD-Cl:Y6 ST- OSC demonstrated a high average visible transmittance of 35.1% and PCE of 3.69%. This approach contributes to
enhancing the potential of ST-OSCs.System Dynamics of a Photovoltaic Integrated Greenhouse
THE EFFECT OF SOLAR AND AGRIVOLTAIC ARRAYS ON LOCAL TEMPERATURES
THE POSSIBLE OPTIMIZATION OF SWEDISH AGRIVOLTAIC ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: An analysis of optimization electricity production in agrivoltaic system
This study investigates whether agrivoltaic is feasible in Sweden, where solar power is coupled with agriculture. There is great potential in this technology, even though it is new. By testing different parameters, such as height and row distance, this study has also examined different agrivoltaic system designs and various geographic locations to estimate their true potential in optimizing electricity production. Using PVSyst simulations, we can then investigate how to optimize electricity and evaluate the economic feasibility based on levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and payback period of the best system. For a better understanding of this study, an extensive literature review was conducted. Although the modeling of bifacial modules is still relatively new research topic.
This study simulated three different cases using PVsyst software. Case A with a row distance of 5 meters and a system capacity of 222 kWp; case B with a row distance of 10 meters and a system capacity of 111 kWh; and case C with a row distance of 15 meters and a system capacity of 77,7 kWp. In addition, heights ranging from 0,5 to 1,5 meters were investigated, using bifacial modules. Irradiation data from PVsyst shows that the yearly global horizontal irradiance GHI in Västerås is 1004,6 [kWh/m^2] while the GHI in Trelleborg is 1023,4 [kWh/m^2]. According to the results, the most efficient system is the one-axis tracker, which produces approximately 25% more electricity than unlimited vertical sheds. It was also found that the maximum electricity was produced at 45° azimuth. The result also found a five percent increase in electricity production in Västerås over Trelleborg. Furthermore, the optimal row distance and optimal height were found to be 10 [m] and 0,5 [m]. Lastly, the most effective system was one-axis tracker system in Västerås with LCOE of 0,09 [Euro/kWh] and payback periods of 10,6 [Years].
Tackling Efficiency Challenges and Exploring Greenhouse-Integrated Organic Photovoltaics
Technical–Economic Potential of Agrivoltaic for the Production of Clean Energy and Industrial Cassava in the Colombian Intertropical Zone
Techno Economic Modeling for Agrivoltaics: Can Agrivoltaics Be More Profitable Than Ground Mounted PV?
Techno economics feasibility study on agrivoltaic electriciy generation in Sri Lanka
Techno-Economic Evaluation of Different Agri-Voltaic Designs for the Hot Arid Ecosystem India
Techno-Economic Study of Agrovoltaic Systems Focusing on Orchard Crops
Techno-Economic Viability of Agro-Photovoltaic Irrigated Arable Lands in the EU-Med Region: A Case-Study in Southwestern Spain
mix of Mediterranean countries. Nonetheless, substantial increase in ground-mounted PV installed capacity could lead to competition with the agricultural use of land. A way to avert the peril is the electricity-food dual use of land or agro-photovoltaics (APV). Here, the profitability of a hypothetical APV system deployed on irrigated arable lands of southwestern Spain is analyzed. The basic generator design, comprised of fixed-tilt opaque monofacial PV modules on a 5 m groundclearance substructure, featured 555.5 kWp/ha. Two APV shed orientations, due south and due southwest, were compared. Two 4-year annual-crop rotations, cultivated beneath the heightened PV modules and with each rotation spanning 24 ha, were studied. One crop rotation was headed by early potato, while the other was headed by processing tomato. All 9 crops involved fulfilled the two-fold condition of being usually cultivated in the area and compatible with APV shed intermitent shading. Crop revenues under the partial shading of PV modules were derived from official average yields in the area, through the use of two alternative sets of coefficients generated for low and high crop-yield shade-induced penalty. Likewise, two irrigation water sources, surface and underground, were compared. Crop total production costs, PV system investment and operating costs and revenues from the sale of electricity, were calculated. The internal rates of return (IRRs) obtained ranged from a minimum of 3.8% for the combination of southwest orientation, early-potato rotation, groundwater and high shade-induced crop-yield penalty, to a maximum of 5.6% for the combination of south
orientation, processing-tomato rotation, surface water and low shade-induced crop-yield penalty.Technologic, Biological and Economic Analysis of a Dynamic Agrivoltaic System in the Dutch Agriculture Sector
Technological Advancements and Research Prospects of Innovative Concentrating Agrivoltaics
Techno–Ecological Synergies of Solar Energy for Global Sustainability
Testing organic photovoltaic modules for application as greenhouse cover or shading element
(OPV) modules as greenhouse shading material. By using such modules, it may be possible to utilise existing greenhouse-based agricultural areas for electricity production. Using OPV modules to shade greenhouses and reduce excess solar energy may result in reduced heat load on the crop on the one hand, and use of renewable energy on the other. We examined the radiometric and thermal properties of an OPV module. Module transmissivity was measured under outdoor conditions at four different angles of radiation incidence: 0, 21, 41 and 46. Simultaneously, the open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current of the module were recorded for power and efficiency calculations. Supplementary laboratory measurements of transmissivity, reflectivity and absorptivity were performed with a spectroradiometer. To further characterise the OPV module, its overall heat-transfer coefficient (U value) was determined. The examined module had about 20% transmissivity, 15% reflectivity and 65% absorptance in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range. The mean daily power conversion efficiency of the module was about 0.8% and the overall heat transfer coefficient U, was about 6.0 Wm2 K1 . The temperature of a module placed on the polyethylene cover of a greenhouse high tunnel was about 50e55 C at midday. Thermal images of the module revealed non-uniform heat distribution, with temperature differences between regions reaching up to 7.5 C. OPV modules appear to be suitable for greenhouse shading and electricity generation but currently they are too expensive and
their life duration is relatively short.The 5 Cs of Agrivoltaic Success Factors in the United States: Lessons from the InSPIRE Research Study
The Agrivoltaic Potential of Canada
The Agrivoltaic System Development in Baron Technopark, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
The Concept of Agricultural Complex Based on Agrivoltaics and Precision Agriculture
The Development Status and Countermeasures of Photovoltaic-ecological Agriculture in China
The Economic Potential for Rainfed Agrivoltaics in Groundwater Stressed Regions
The Economic and Social Performance of Integrated Photovoltaic and Agricultural Greenhouses Systems: Case Study in China
The Effect of Different Levels of Shading in a Photovoltaic Greenhouse with a North–South Orientation
The Effect of Gap Spacing Between Solar Panel Clusters on Crop Biomass Yields, Nutrients, and the Microenvironment in a Dual-Use Agrivoltaic System
The Effect of Photovoltaic Panels on the Microclimate and on the Tomato Production under Photovoltaic Canarian Greenhouses
The Effect of the Novel Agricultural Photovoltaic System on Water Evaporation Reduction and Sweet Potato Yield
The Effects of Placement and Ground Cover on Solar Panel Temperatures
viability of a land-intensive resource like solar panels have arisen. Competition with agricultural land is a major concern, and one that research is attempting to solve with the combination of photovoltaics and agriculture, termed agrivoltaics. Investigations into possible combinations of crops and panels is ongoing but thus far focuses on plant performance and panel density. More research is needed on the impacts of agricultural practices on solar panel operation and efficiency. This paper addresses this relationship by investigating two effects on solar panels: the ambient temperature around a solar panel based on its location in a large-scale array, and the impact of different ground cover type on solar panel operating temperature in small-scale arrays. To investigate the impact of ground cover on panel temperature, small scale arrays were constructed and placed over three land cover types: irrigated agriculture with black landscape fabric, barren land, and grassland. To investigate variations in panel temperature based on panel location, five sensors were placed at the North, South, West, East, and Center of a large-scale array to record hourly temperature data for the summer of 2021. Irrigated agriculture with black landscape fabric was found to be significantly hotter than barren and grassland ground cover types, while grassland was found to have some cooling effects. This finding demonstrates that solar panels and grasslands can be beneficially co-located, which would provide significant relief to the land use challenges of food and energy. Temperatures across an array experienced differences based on the north-south transect. It is unclear if this was due to the specific environment surrounding the site, or systemic across solar arrays. Regardless of the cause, solar arrays can experience temperature differences across a 1 MW scale, demonstrating the need for further research if these dynamics are to be understood
and incorporated into future siting for solar arrays.
The Energizer Bunny: Dual-Use Photovoltaic and Pasture-Raised Rabbit Farms
The Financial Impact of Co-locating Agricultural Production and Solar Power Generation
The Impact of Agrivoltaic Systems on Tomato Crop: A Case Study in Southern Italy
The Importance of 3D models to Calculate Shading Ratios
The Influence of Greenhouse-integrated Photovoltaics on Crop Production
The Integration of Semi-transparent Photovoltaics on Greenhouse Roof for Energy and Plant Production
(BIPV) mounted on top of a greenhouse, on the growth of tomatoes and microclimate conditions as well as to estimate the generated energy and the payback period of this system. Three modules were settled at 20% of the greenhouse roof area at a tilt angle of 30° facing south at a distance of 0.08 m between the plastic cover and the BIPV. Each module has a peak power of 170 Wp and efficiency of 8.25%. Results revealed that the annual generated electric energy of the BIPV was 637 kWh. Furthermore, there were no significant differences (P < .05) in the growth of tomatoes between shaded greenhouse by the BIPV and the un-shaded greenhouse. The reduction of solar radiation under the BIPV was 35%-40% more than the Polyethylene covers on clear days. The BIPV shading decreases the air temperature by (1°C-3°C) on clear days and has no effect on relative humidity. The payback period was found to be 9 years. Moreover, this system can provide most of the annual energy demands for the greenhouse environmental control
systems.The Investigation of Energy Production and Mushroom Yield in Greenhouse Production Based on Mono Photovoltaic Cells Effect
The Multifaceted Potential Applications of Organic Photovoltaics
The Need for AI to Optimize Dual-Use PV Installations to Extract Maximum Value
The Optimization of Vertical Bifacial Photovoltaic Farms for Efficient Agrivoltaic Systems
The Photovoltaic Greenhouse as Energy Hub for a More Sustainable Agriculture
The Photovoltaic Greenhouses- a Challenge for Republic of Moldova
The Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect: Larger Solar Power Plants Increase Local Temperatures
The Potential for Agrivoltaics to Enhance Solar Farm Cooling
The Potential for Fencing to Be Used as Low-Cost Solar Photovoltaic Racking
The Potential of Agrivoltaic Systems
The Potential of Agrivoltaic Systems in Turkey
The Potential of Agrivoltaic Systems in the Conditions of Southern Regions of Russian Federation
The Potential of Renewable Electricity in Isolated Grids: The Case of Israel in 2050
The SWOC Analysis of Brightfields and Agrivoltaics
The Semitransparent Photovoltaic Films for Mediterranean Greenhouse: A New Sustainable Technology
The Social Dimensions of a Technological Innovation: Agrivoltaics in the U.S
The agricultural, economic and environmental potential of co-locating utility scale solar with grazing sheep
Can grazing sheep on solar farms evolve to a profitable and climate resilient agrivoltaic strategy?"
funded by the Cornell University David R. Atkinson Center for a Sustainable FutureThe development of utility-scale solar projects on US agricultural land: Opportunities and obstacles
The effect of establishment method and shade zone within solar arrays on pasture production in an agrivoltaic production system
Theoretical Potential of Agrovoltaic Systems in Europe: A Preliminary Study With Winter Wheat
Thermo-Environomic Assessment of an Integrated Greenhouse With an Adjustable Solar Photovoltaic Blind System
Tinted Semi‐Transparent Solar Panels Allow Concurrent Production of Crops and Electricity on the Same Cropland
To Mix or Not to Mix: Evidences for the Unexpected High Productivity of New Complex Agrivoltaic And Agroforestry Systems
1.031 million tonnes produced from 981,000 ha in 2010 (ABS 2011). It has a reputation among growers of being sensitive to drought and high temperature during grain filling, and of requiring early sowing for best results. Annual crops in Western Australia‘s wheatbelt grow predominantly on rainfall received during the growing season (Anderson and Garlinge 2000) and usually the sowing time depends on the first rains of the season (termed the break of the season). The break can occur at any time from mid April until the end of June in Western Australia and is the cause of considerable anxiety among farmers when it has not occurred by mid to late May. Deciding when it is too late to sow canola is therefore an important decision growers must make. Unfortunately canola sowing time response varies between locations, and between seasons and soil types at a location. In addition, dwindling resources for research means that there is not a substantial body of time of sowing trial data to inform this decision at most locations. Farré et al. (2007) modelled the sowing time response of canola at three locations in Western Australia using APSIM (Keating et al. 2003, Farré et al. 2002). They concluded that canola was most risky in low rainfall environments, and that it could be profitably planted later in high and medium rainfall than in a low rainfall environment. However, all their analyses were based on crops grown with luxury levels of N, and none of their locations were in the northern wheatbelt. Here we present model runs for a high and low rainfall location in the
northern wheatbelt at a range of N application levels that were designed to help farmers making canola sowing time decisions.Toward Assessing Photovoltaic Trackers Effects on Annual Crops Growth and Building Optimized Agrivoltaics Systems Based on Annual Crops
Toward Future Photovoltaic-Based Agriculture in Sea
Towards Solar Extractivism? A Political Ecology Understanding of the Solar Energy and Agriculture Boom in Rural China
Towards a Data-Driven Symbiosis of Agriculture and Photovoltaics
Towards a Standardized Protocol to Assess Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in Solar Parks
2. Despite the recent development of several analytical methods and models to quantify changes in natural capital and ecosystem services resulting from land use change, incorporating them into the land planning process can be challenging from a practical point of view without guidance on standard methods. 3. In an attempt to decarbonize energy supply systems to meet internationally agreed targets on climate change, solar energy production, in the form of ground-mounted solar parks, is emerging as one of the dominant forms of temporary land use for renewable energies globally. 4. We propose 19 directly measurable indicators associated with 16 ecosystem services within three major stocks of natural capital (biodiversity, soil and water) that are most likely to be impacted by the development of solar parks. Indicators are supported by well-established methods that have been widely used in pure and applied land use research within terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, they can be implemented flexibly according to interest or land management objectives.
5. Whilst not intended as a precise recipe for how to assess the effects of solar park development on hosting ecosystems, the protocol will guide the solar energy industry and all actors involved, be they researchers, practitioners, ecological consultancies or statutory bodies, to implement a standardized approach to evaluate temporal and spatial changes in natural capital and ecosystem services resulting from solar park development and operation, with the ultimate aim of generating comparable and reproducible data on ecosystem impact assessment across the solar energy sector.Towards a Typology of Solar Energy Landscapes: Mixed-Production, Nature Based and Landscape Inclusive Solar Power Transitions
Towards the Photovoltaic Farm
Tracking Optimization in Agrivoltaic Systems: A Comparative Study for Apple Orchards
To simulate and analyze the performance of these strategies, a simulation model was created, with reference to a Fraunhofer ISE research project in Bavendorf, Germany where semi-transparent solar panels are installed over an apple orchard. The chosen developmental environment was Simtool, a Fraunhofer Python package based on the ray-tracing tool Radiance. Considering the computational cost of the simulation, a Bayesian black-box optimization algorithm was leveraged to relieve the latter from such a computational burden.
For the first scenario, the goal was to maximise the radiation reaching solar panels. The algorithm developed, Diffuse-Track Optimization, proved particularly effective during overcast days, allowing daily energy gains of up to 9%. Plants were prioritized in the second scenario, Trees-Track Optimization with the goal of minimising their shading rates, which were seen to fall below 10% despite the presence of the tracking system.
Lastly, a compromise between the two objectives was achieved in the final scenario through an overall optimization approach, called APV-Track Optimization. By assigning equal importance to the irradiation reaching trees and that which reaches photovoltaic panels, shading rates of less than 40% can be guaranteed throughout the year, with a reduction of the electrical yield by only 8% compared to backtracking conditions.
The study showcased the potential of the proposed methodology, representing a good starting point to develop holistic optimisations methods that are still lacking in the literature. Future developments will reduce runtime costs, integrate weather forecasts and validate results by means of accurate field measurements.
Trade-off Between Photovoltaic Systems Installation and Agricultural Practices on Arable Lands: An Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Analysis for Italy
Tradeoffs and Synergies between Biofuel Production and Large Solar Infrastructure in Deserts
Transforming Rooftops Into Productive Urban Spaces in the Mediterranean. An LCA Comparison of Agri-Urban Production and Photovoltaic Energy Generation
Transition to Agriphotovoltaics Applying a Systems Level Approach
Transmission Windows of Charge Transport Layers and Electrodes in Highly Transparent Organic Solar Cells for Agrivoltaic Application
Transparent Polymer Photovoltaics for Solar Energy Harvesting and Beyond
Trend of Energy Generation Efficiency in Agrivoltaic Systems Research
systems can be difficult because solar PV systems require significantly more space than wind power and fossil fuels. Integrating PV systems into various human activity areas, such as agricultural lands, is one recommended approach to solving this issue due to its significant reduction in land use. This new technology referred, to as Agrivoltaics (APV) systems, have sparked concerns in the last decade due to their dual purpose of land use efficiency and sustainable energy generation. To determine the trends in energy efficiency of APV modules installed for energy generation through the APV systems research, an intensive literature survey was conducted in this study to figure out relevant factors influencing the energy efficiency of APV systems from the year 2014 to 2022. The studies were found to be focused on energy generation efficiency (31%), crop growth/synergetic effects (14%), review articles (14%), optimization, modeling, and simulation (21%), and feasibility studies (17%). The years saw an exponential increase in APV research, with 2017 showing a fall and a positive wake from 2018. The energy efficiency trend in the APV research was observed to be small in percentage terms, around 1-3%, with a few deviations. Although these increases are not a considerable improvement throughout the life of the APV modules, it could result in a significant quantity of solar energy generation. Factors discovered to influence the energy generation efficiency in APVs include design parameters (module width, row distance and azimuth angle), module orientation, type of the APV system and temperature variation due to synergetic effects. Future designs are recommended to take
serious consideration of the said factors to tap maximally the clean solar energy through APVs.Tropical Field Assessment on Pests for Misai Kucing Cultivation Under Agrivoltaics Farming System
Tropical Field Observation of Weed Permanent Shading on Solar PV Surface
surface for electricity conversion process. Cloud movement especially thick cloud near to earth surface creates a non-permanent shading on solar PV farms top surface which significantly reduce the electricity yield. Improper weed management in large scale solarfarms would create a permanent shading to the PV surface especially with creeping plants. Thus, this work implies freely available application namely Pl@ntNet and Canopeo to analyse the impacts of weed surface cover in Solarfarms. Images of specified weed growing above the solar PV surface are captured and identified using Pl@ntNet application to determine the type of weed. Weed identification is the first stage of efficient weed management to aid in a fundamental understanding of the life cycle and biology of the weeds for proper control measures. The same images are used in Canopeo application to determine the surface coverage by means of Quadrat sampling. This information will be invaluable to solarfarm operators showing the significant energy
reduction when the solar PV surface are covered by weeds.Unlock the Hidden Potential of Urban Rooftop Agrivoltaics Energy-Food-Nexus
Unlocking the Potential of Agrivoltaics
Use of Agrivoltaics to Enhance Cucumber Production in the Hot and Arid Climate of UAE: A Sustainable Approach for Food and Clean Energy Security
Utility Scale Agrivoltaics Development Proximate to Michigan Communities With 100% Renewable Energy Goals
Utilizing Combination of K-Means Clustering and Particle Swarm Optimization to Identify Suitable Areas for Agrivoltaics and Electric Tractor Deployment
face in the near future due to global warming, population growth, and urbanization. These issues are closely interconnected and the causal link between them prompts states, researchers, and all people to search for new, sustainable, and green solutions. Agrivoltaics, electric tractors, and robots in agriculture show great promise. Agrivoltaics, which can produce two assets in the same area, may be a good solution for feeding a growing population and meeting the energy demand resulting from urbanization. The goal of this study was to create an algorithm that could identify the the best area for installing PV system on agricultural land using K-means and PSO, based on a cost function that would meet the energy needs of an electric tractor according to the selected crop. The algorithm was tested using real parcel data from three different villages in Konya, and it generated results that were consistent with expectations. The study concludes that planning is the most critical process in agriculture, even for energy consumption and
production, because the energy needs of fields will change depending on the crop being produced.Validation of an Agrivoltaic System by Energreen
Vegetation Management Cost and Maintenance Implications of Different Ground Covers at Utility-Scale Solar Sites
Vertical Agrivoltaics and Its Potential for Electricity Production and Agricultural Water Demand: A Case Study in the Area of Chanco, Chile
Vertical Free-Swinging Photovoltaic Racking Energy Modeling: A Novel Approach to Agrivoltaics
Vertical Panel Agri-Photovoltaic System Design for Efficient and Productive Crop Production
Some characteristics of such integrated agricultural vertical photovoltaic installations are discussed. Details of a 0.4 hectare experimental installation near Dresden, Germany are presented. The installation has crop cultivation widths of 10 and 12 meters between the rows of panels. The wide variance in working widths of contemporary agricultural field equipment and the need for efficient operation in such installations are discussed. Some of the many areas of needed further knowledge, including agronomic and microclimate effects, are presented.
Co-locating and integrating rows of vertical east-west facing solar panels with contemporary crop production may produce land equivalent ratios or performance indices greater than one, indicating more productivity than if the photovoltaics and agriculture are located separately.Viewpoints on the Theory of Agricultural Energy Internet
Water Budget and Crop Modelling for Agrivoltaic Systems: Application to Irrigated Lettuces
Water Evaporation Reduction by the Agrivoltaic Systems Development
Waveguide Concentrator Photovoltaic with Spectral Splitting for Dual Land Use
spectral splitting for dual land use applications. The system includes a freeform lens array and a planar waveguide. Sunlight is first concentrated by the lens array and then reaches a flat waveguide. The dichroic mirror with coated prisms is located at each focused area at the bottom of a planar waveguide to split the sunlight spectrum into two spectral bands. The red and blue light, in which photosynthesis occurs at its maximum, passes through the dichroic mirror and is used for agriculture. The remaining spectrums are reflected at the dichroic mirror with coated prisms and collected by the long solar cell attached at one end of the planar waveguide by total internal reflection. Meanwhile, most of the diffused sunlight is transmitted through the system to the ground for agriculture. The system was designed using the commercial optic simulation software LightTools™ (Synopsys Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA). The results show that the proposed system with 200× concentration can achieve optical efficiency above 82.1% for the transmission of blue and red light, 94.5% for diffused sunlight, which is used for agricultural, and 81.5% optical efficiency for planar waveguides used for power generation. This system is suitable for both high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and low DNI areas to provide light for agriculture and electricity generation at the same time on the same land
with high efficiencyWavelength‐Selective Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Powering Greenhouses for Plant Growth at the Food‐Energy‐Water Nexus
Wildlife Conservation and Solar Energy Development in the Desert Southwest, United States
Wind Farm and Solar Park Effects on Plant–Soil Carbon Cycling: Uncertain Impacts of Changes in Ground‐level Microclimate
Worldwide Research Trends in Agrivoltaic Systems—A Bibliometric Review
Yield Optimization Through Control Strategies in Tracked Agrivoltaic Systems
Yield and Quality of Lettuce in Response to the Plant Position in Photovoltaic Greenhouse
‘Photovoltaic landscapes’: Design and assessment. A critical review for a new transdisciplinary design vision
The current design is generally straight-forward and is aimed to the maximize energy generation given a certain land area.
This paper brings forward the idea that PV systems should be designed as an element of the landscape they belong to, according to an ׳inclusive׳ design approach that does not focus only on the overall energy efficiency of the system, but extends to other additional ecological and landscape objectives.
An original energy-design vision for on-ground PV is advanced, rooted in an original concept of ׳photovoltaic landscape׳. An understanding of PV landscapes in terms of patterns is given, and new patterns for PV are investigated. Based on literature new patterns for PV are assessed quantitatively in terms of land use energy intensity; and qualitatively in terms of perception-esthetics related aspects. Design domain freedom and boundary restrictions have been investigated with reference to possible negative and positive overall ecological performances; the weight of each design parameter has been qualitatively assessed, so that some first design guidelines could be formulated. Furthermore, a first quantitative approach for calculating the life cycle costs of the energy generated from PV landscapes, focusing on land use, has been proposed.
The study argues that new patterns would help in allowing a better ecological performance of the PV landscape, and opens many research questions, such as the quantitative assessment of the ecological beneficial impacts generated by new PV patterns.Your search selections do not match any resources.
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