Horst and Graben
From Open Energy Information
Horst and Graben:
Topographic features found in a normal fault zone forming ridges and valleys. A graben represents a block of land that has dropped down relative to the landscape and a horst represents a block of land remaining higher than the general landscape.
Topographic Features
List of topographic features commonly encountered in geothermal resource areas:
A "horst and graben" is a crustal-extension structure, composed of a series of normal faults, typical of the Basin & Range region of the US and Turkey’s West Anatolian Extensional Province. From the surface they appear as a series of ridges (horsts) and valleys (grabens) that run perpendicular to the direction of extension.
Examples
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| Geothermal Resource Area | Geothermal Region | Tectonic Setting | Host Rock Age | Host Rock Lithology | Mean Capacity | Mean Reservoir Temp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amedee Geothermal Area | Walker-Lane Transition Zone | Extensional Tectonics | Mesozoic | granite; granodiorite | ||
| Beowawe Hot Springs Geothermal Area | Central Nevada Seismic Zone Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Ordovician | shale; quartzite | 17 MW17,000 kW <br />17,000,000 W <br />17,000,000,000 mW <br />0.017 GW <br />1.7e-5 TW <br /> | 483.15 K210 °C <br />410 °F <br />869.67 °R <br /> |
| Blue Mountain Geothermal Area | Northwest Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Triassic | Metasedimentary | 49.5 MW49,500 kW <br />49,500,000 W <br />49,500,000,000 mW <br />0.0495 GW <br />4.95e-5 TW <br /> | 470.15 K197 °C <br />386.6 °F <br />846.27 °R <br /> |
| Brady Hot Springs Geothermal Area | Northwest Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Mesozoic | metamorphic rocks | 26.1 MW26,100 kW <br />26,100,000 W <br />26,100,000,000 mW <br />0.0261 GW <br />2.61e-5 TW <br /> | 455.15 K182 °C <br />359.6 °F <br />819.27 °R <br /> |
| Coso Geothermal Area | Walker-Lane Transition Zone | Extensional Tectonics | Mesozoic | granitic | 300 MW300,000 kW <br />300,000,000 W <br />300,000,000,000 mW <br />0.3 GW <br />3.0e-4 TW <br /> | 571.15 K298 °C <br />568.4 °F <br />1,028.07 °R <br /> |
| Desert Peak Geothermal Area | Northwest Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Mesozoic | greenstone | 23 MW23,000 kW <br />23,000,000 W <br />23,000,000,000 mW <br />0.023 GW <br />2.3e-5 TW <br /> | 481.15 K208 °C <br />406.4 °F <br />866.07 °R <br /> |
| Dixie Valley Geothermal Area | Central Nevada Seismic Zone Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Jurassic | Basalt | 62 MW62,000 kW <br />62,000,000 W <br />62,000,000,000 mW <br />0.062 GW <br />6.2e-5 TW <br /> | 504.15 K231 °C <br />447.8 °F <br />907.47 °R <br /> |
| Fenton Hill HDR Geothermal Area | Rio Grande Rift | Rift Zone Extensional Tectonics | Precambrian | Crystalline basement “pCu” (undifferentiated in map units); Biotite Granodiorite (Phase I Reservoir); Gneiss, Schist, Granodiorite, Granite, Metavolcanic Rocks (Phase II Reservoir) | 20 MW20,000 kW <br />20,000,000 W <br />20,000,000,000 mW <br />0.02 GW <br />2.0e-5 TW <br /> | 508.15 K235 °C <br />455 °F <br />914.67 °R <br /> |
| Germencik Geothermal Area | Aegean-West Anatolian Extensional Region | Extensional Tectonics | Marble | 73.4 MW73,400 kW <br />73,400,000 W <br />73,400,000,000 mW <br />0.0734 GW <br />7.34e-5 TW <br /> | 491.15 K218 °C <br />424.4 °F <br />884.07 °R <br /> | |
| Gumuskoy Geothermal Area | Aegean-West Anatolian Extensional Region | Strike-Slip Extensional Tectonics | Paleozic | Marble | 13.2 MW13,200 kW <br />13,200,000 W <br />13,200,000,000 mW <br />0.0132 GW <br />1.32e-5 TW <br /> | 413.15 K140 °C <br />284 °F <br />743.67 °R <br /> |
| Kizildere Geothermal Area | Aegean-West Anatolian Extensional Region | Extensional Tectonics | Miocene | Limestone | 102 MW102,000 kW <br />102,000,000 W <br />102,000,000,000 mW <br />0.102 GW <br />1.02e-4 TW <br /> | 459.15 K186 °C <br />366.8 °F <br />826.47 °R <br /> |
| Lightning Dock Geothermal Area | Southern Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Paleozoic carbonate rocks and late Tertiary volcanic rocks | 4.4 MW4,400 kW <br />4,400,000 W <br />4,400,000,000 mW <br />0.0044 GW <br />4.4e-6 TW <br /> | 443.15 K170 °C <br />338 °F <br />797.67 °R <br /> | |
| Long Valley Caldera Geothermal Area | Walker-Lane Transition Zone | Extensional Tectonics | Quaternary | Bishop Tuff, Metamorphic Basement | 38 MW38,000 kW <br />38,000,000 W <br />38,000,000,000 mW <br />0.038 GW <br />3.8e-5 TW <br /> | 513.15 K240 °C <br />464 °F <br />923.67 °R <br /> |
| Neal Hot Springs Geothermal Area | Snake River Plain | Extensional Tectonics | Miocene | Basalt | 33 MW33,000 kW <br />33,000,000 W <br />33,000,000,000 mW <br />0.033 GW <br />3.3e-5 TW <br /> | 429.15 K156 °C <br />312.8 °F <br />772.47 °R <br /> |
| Raft River Geothermal Area | Northern Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | 1- Archean; 2-Proterozoic | 1- quartz monzonite; 2-schist; quartzite | 13 MW13,000 kW <br />13,000,000 W <br />13,000,000,000 mW <br />0.013 GW <br />1.3e-5 TW <br /> | 468.15 K195 °C <br />383 °F <br />842.67 °R <br /> |
| Salavatli Geothermal Area | Aegean-West Anatolian Extensional Region | Extensional Tectonics | 58 MW58,000 kW <br />58,000,000 W <br />58,000,000,000 mW <br />0.058 GW <br />5.8e-5 TW <br /> | 444.15 K171 °C <br />339.8 °F <br />799.47 °R <br /> | ||
| Salt Wells Geothermal Area | Northwest Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | 23.6 MW23,600 kW <br />23,600,000 W <br />23,600,000,000 mW <br />0.0236 GW <br />2.36e-5 TW <br /> | 466.15 K193 °C <br />379.4 °F <br />839.07 °R <br /> | ||
| San Emidio Desert Geothermal Area | Northwest Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | 14.22 MW14,220 kW <br />14,220,000 W <br />14,220,000,000 mW <br />0.0142 GW <br />1.422e-5 TW <br /> | 426.15 K153 °C <br />307.4 °F <br />767.07 °R <br /> | ||
| Soda Lake Geothermal Area | Northwest Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Miocene | pumice tuff | 26.1 MW26,100 kW <br />26,100,000 W <br />26,100,000,000 mW <br />0.0261 GW <br />2.61e-5 TW <br /> | 452.15 K179 °C <br />354.2 °F <br />813.87 °R <br /> |
| Steamboat Springs Geothermal Area | Walker-Lane Transition Zone | Extensional Tectonics | 1- Cretaceous; 2- Pliocene-Pleistocene | 1- granodiorite; 2- basaltic andesite | 147 MW147,000 kW <br />147,000,000 W <br />147,000,000,000 mW <br />0.147 GW <br />1.47e-4 TW <br /> | 483.15 K210 °C <br />410 °F <br />869.67 °R <br /> |
| Stillwater Geothermal Area | Northwest Basin and Range Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Quaternary | sandstone | 47.2 MW47,200 kW <br />47,200,000 W <br />47,200,000,000 mW <br />0.0472 GW <br />4.72e-5 TW <br /> | 447.15 K174 °C <br />345.2 °F <br />804.87 °R <br /> |
| Takigami Geothermal Area | Ryuku Arc | Extensional Tectonics Subduction Zone | Tertiary | Andesite | 28 MW28,000 kW <br />28,000,000 W <br />28,000,000,000 mW <br />0.028 GW <br />2.8e-5 TW <br /> | 478.15 K205 °C <br />401 °F <br />860.67 °R <br /> |
| Valles Caldera - Redondo Geothermal Area | Rio Grande Rift | Rift Zone Extensional Tectonics | Mississippian-Pennsylvanian; Pleistocene, 1.6 to 1.25 Ma | Limestone-Madera Formation “MIPu”; Rhyolitic tuff-Intracaldera Bandelier Tuff (upper Tshirege “Qbt” and lower Otowi “Qbo” members); Caldera Fill Rhyolite (shallow) | ||
| Valles Caldera - Sulphur Springs Geothermal Area | Rio Grande Rift | Rift Zone Extensional Tectonics | Precambrian; Mississippian-Pennsylvanian; Pleistocene, 1.6 to 1.25 Ma; Pliocene; Miocene | Crystalline basement “pCu”; Limestone-Madera Formation “MIPu”; Rhyolitic tuff-Bandelier Tuff (upper Tshirege “Qbt” and lower Otowi “Qbo” members); Caldera Fill Rhyolite (shallow); Dacitic/Andesitic to Rhyolitic lavas and tuffs-Keres Group Volcanics (shallow); Santa Fe Group volcaniclastics “Tsf” | ||
| Wabuska Hot Springs Geothermal Area | Walker-Lane Transition Zone Geothermal Region | Extensional Tectonics | Quaternary | gravels; sands | 2.4 MW2,400 kW <br />2,400,000 W <br />2,400,000,000 mW <br />0.0024 GW <br />2.4e-6 TW <br /> | 403.15 K130 °C <br />266 °F <br />725.67 °R <br /> |