- Mountainous
- Horst and Graben
- Shield Volcano
- Flat
- Lava Dome
- Stratovolcano
- Cinder Cone
- Caldera Depression
- Resurgent Dome Complex
Caldera Depression
From Open Energy Information
Caldera Depression:
Calderas form from the catastrophic eruption of large amounts of felsic lava and ash. Emptying of the magma chamber and subsequent collapse of the overlying volcanic edifice forms a ring-shaped caldera depression up to several kilometers in diameter. The edges of the underlying magma chamber are roughly marked by a ring fracture zone that acts as a conduit for ongoing volcanism and hydrothermal activity.
Topographic Features
List of topographic features commonly encountered in geothermal resource areas:
An aerial photograph of the Kilauea Caldera. http://satftp.soest.hawaii.edu/space/hawaii/images/bigisle/kilauea.caldera.air.484x400.jpg
Calderas form from the catastrophic eruption of large amounts of felsic lava and ash. Emptying of the magma chamber and subsequent collapse of the overlying volcanic edifice forms a ring-shaped caldera depression up to several kilometers in diameter. The edges of the underlying magma chamber are roughly marked by a ring fracture zone that acts as a conduit for ongoing volcanism and hydrothermal activity.
Calderas are capable of expelling large amounts of volcanic material in a single eruptive event, leaving behind regionally extensive ash fall deposits. For example, the Bishop Tuff, deposited during the eruption of the Long Valley Caldera 767,100 ± 900 years ago, covers a 2,200 square-kilometer region of the southwestern United States.
Examples
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CSV| Geothermal Resource Area | Geothermal Region | Tectonic Setting | Host Rock Age | Host Rock Lithology | Mean Capacity | Mean Reservoir Temp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fenton Hill HDR Geothermal Area | Rio Grande Rift | Extensional Tectonics Rift Zone | Precambrian | Crystalline basement “pCu” (undifferentiated in map units); Biotite Granodiorite (Phase I Reservoir); Gneiss, Schist, Granodiorite, Granite, Metavolcanic Rocks (Phase II Reservoir) | 20 MW 20,000 kW 20,000,000 W 20,000,000,000 mW 0.02 GW 2.0e-5 TW | 508.15 K 235 °C 455 °F 914.67 °R |
| Fukushima Geothermal Area | Northeast Honshu Arc | Subduction Zone | 65 MW 65,000 kW 65,000,000 W 65,000,000,000 mW 0.065 GW 6.5e-5 TW | 579.15 K 306 °C 582.8 °F 1,042.47 °R | ||
| Hachijojima Geothermal Area | Northeast Honshu Arc | Subduction Zone | 3.3 MW 3,300 kW 3,300,000 W 3,300,000,000 mW 0.0033 GW 3.3e-6 TW | 556.15 K 283 °C 541.4 °F 1,001.07 °R | ||
| Lahendong Geothermal Area | Minahasa Volcanic Zone | Subduction Zone | Miocene | Andesite | 80 MW 80,000 kW 80,000,000 W 80,000,000,000 mW 0.08 GW 8.0e-5 TW | 578.15 K 305 °C 581 °F 1,040.67 °R |
| Lihir Geothermal Area | Papua New Guinea Geothermal Region | Subduction Zone | Basalt; Breccias; Tuffs | 56 MW 56,000 kW 56,000,000 W 56,000,000,000 mW 0.056 GW 5.6e-5 TW | 548.15 K 275 °C 527 °F 986.67 °R | |
| Miyagi Geothermal Area | Northeast Honshu Arc | Subduction Zone | Miocene | Basalt | 12.5 MW 12,500 kW 12,500,000 W 12,500,000,000 mW 0.0125 GW 1.25e-5 TW | 523.15 K 250 °C 482 °F 941.67 °R |
| Mokai Geothermal Area | Taupo Volcanic Zone | Extensional Tectonics Subduction Zone | Quaternary | Volcaniclastic | 112 MW 112,000 kW 112,000,000 W 112,000,000,000 mW 0.112 GW 1.12e-4 TW | 568.15 K 295 °C 563 °F 1,022.67 °R |
| Mori Geothermal Area | Kuril-Kamchatka Arc | Subduction Zone | Pre-Tertiary | Limestone | 50 MW 50,000 kW 50,000,000 W 50,000,000,000 mW 0.05 GW 5.0e-5 TW | 513.15 K 240 °C 464 °F 923.67 °R |
| Pauzhetskaya Geothermal Area | Kuril-Kamchatka Arc | Subduction Zone | Tuff | 27 MW 27,000 kW 27,000,000 W 27,000,000,000 mW 0.027 GW 2.7e-5 TW | 468.15 K 195 °C 383 °F 842.67 °R | |
| Sumatra-Sibayak Geothermal Area | Sunda Volcanic Arc - Great Sumatra Fault Zone | Subduction Zone | Tertiary | Sandstone; Limestone | 12 MW 12,000 kW 12,000,000 W 12,000,000,000 mW 0.012 GW 1.2e-5 TW | 543.15 K 270 °C 518 °F 977.67 °R |
| Valles Caldera - Redondo Geothermal Area | Rio Grande Rift | Extensional Tectonics Rift Zone | Mississippian-Pennsylvanian; Pleistocene, 1.6 to 1.25 Ma | Limestone-Madera Formation “MIPu”; Rhyolitic tuff-Intracaldera Bandelier Tuff (upper Tshirege “Qbt” and lower Otowi “Qbo” members); Caldera Fill Rhyolite (shallow) | ||
| Valles Caldera - Sulphur Springs Geothermal Area | Rio Grande Rift | Extensional Tectonics Rift Zone | Precambrian; Mississippian-Pennsylvanian; Pleistocene, 1.6 to 1.25 Ma; Pliocene; Miocene | Crystalline basement “pCu”; Limestone-Madera Formation “MIPu”; Rhyolitic tuff-Bandelier Tuff (upper Tshirege “Qbt” and lower Otowi “Qbo” members); Caldera Fill Rhyolite (shallow); Dacitic/Andesitic to Rhyolitic lavas and tuffs-Keres Group Volcanics (shallow); Santa Fe Group volcaniclastics “Tsf” | ||
| Wairakei-Poihipi Geothermal Area | Taupo Volcanic Zone | Extensional Tectonics Subduction Zone | Quaternary | Volcaniclastic | 352 MW 352,000 kW 352,000,000 W 352,000,000,000 mW 0.352 GW 3.52e-4 TW | 483.15 K 210 °C 410 °F 869.67 °R |