RAPID/Roadmap/9-FD-m
National Park Service - NEPA Review (9-FD-m)
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) has established general regulations governing all NEPA actions, which can be found at 40 C.F.R. §§ 1500 - 1508. In addition, 40 C.F.R. § 1507.3 requires federal agencies to establish procedures that implement the CEQ regulations. The United States Department of Interior (DOI) NEPA procedures can be found at 43 C.F.R. § 46, et seq. DOI’s NEPA procedures apply to its constituent services such as the NPS. While DOI’s NEPA guidance can be found in Department of Interior, Department Manual 516 Chapters 1-6, NPS’s NEPA guidance can be found in the NPS Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis.
The appropriate level of NEPA documentation may fall within one of three categories (discussed in more detail below):
- a Categorical Exclusion (CX)
- an Environmental Assessment (EA)
- an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
A CX may be granted for categories of actions that individually or cumulatively, do not have a significant effect on the environment. Federal agencies may establish CXs in accordance with their NEPA procedures. If extraordinary circumstances are present, an EA or EIS may be necessary, even though the activity would otherwise be covered by a CX. See 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4.
An EA is a concise public document that helps the agency to determine whether an EIS or Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) is required. It should include a brief assessment of the proposed action and an analysis of the evidence relating to significant environmental impacts. It should also include an analysis of the effects of the proposed action and of the alternatives. See 40 C.F.R. § 1501.5.
If the NPS determines that there are no significant environmental impacts after completing the EA, it prepares a FONSI. A FONSI is a document prepared by a federal agency that briefly explains why an action will not have a significant effect on the human environment. See 40 C.F.R. § 1501.6.
During the EA process, analysis of environmental impacts may result in a finding that the proposed federal action may cause significant effects to the environment that cannot be mitigated. The NPS official then decides whether NEPA requires the NPS to prepare an EIS. An EIS should describe the purpose and need for the proposed action, and discuss all of the all environmental impacts of the proposed federal action, alternatives to the proposed action, and mitigation measures. See 40 C.F.R. § 1502.12 and 40 C.F.R. § 1502.3.
Environmental documents such as and EA or EIS drafted pursuant to NEPA must abide by prescribed guidelines in 42 U.S.C. 4336a. An EA must not be longer than 75 pages, not including appendices or citations and it must be completed within one year. 42 U.S.C. 4336a. An EIS has a page limit of 150 pages, not including appendices or citations, or if it is of extraordinary complexity the limit is 300 pages, not including any appendices or citations. An EIS must be completed within two years of the start date identified in 42 U.S.C. 4336a. The deadline may be extended by the lead agency in consultation with the applicant for only so much additional time as is necessary to complete the environmental document.42 U.S.C. 4336a (g). If the deadline is not met for either an EA or an EIS, a project sponsor may file a written petition with a court to compel the agency to act more quickly. 42 U.S.C. 4336a (g)(3).
National Park Service - NEPA Review Process
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9-FD-m.1 - Identify Proposed Action
NEPA compliance is triggered by discretionary federal actions subject to NPS control and responsibility (40 C.F.R. § 1508.1(q)). The nature of the action could either be the construction of a project, granting a permit, providing federal funding, or any other action where a federal decision is required. For example, issuance of a special use authorization for the transfer of a water right or a grant of a ROW for a transmission line outside the FERC project boundary is subject to environmental review under NEPA.
9-FD-m.2 to 9-FD-m.5 – Does a Categorical Exclusion Apply?
A CX may be granted for categories of actions that individually or cumulatively, do not have a significant effect on the environment. Prior to completing the NEPA process, the NPS reviews the project to determine whether the project fits within the category of actions covered by an existing CX (516 DM 12.5). The NPS’s CXs are listed in 516 DM 12.5. The NPS applies a CX if the scope of the project is consistent with the terms of an applicable CX and there are no extraordinary circumstances. The NPS may also adopt another agency’s categorical exclusions consistent with section 109 of NEPA. 42 U.S.C. 4336(a). If the NPS applies a CX, the NPS issues a Decision Memo and not complete the full NEPA process. If extraordinary circumstances are present, an EA or EIS may be required even though the activity would otherwise be covered by a CX (see 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4).
Extraordinary circumstances are factors or circumstances in which a normally excluded action may have a significant environmental effect that then requires further analysis in an EA or EIS (see 43 C.F.R. § 46.215). To determine whether extraordinary circumstances are present as set forth in 43 C.F.R. § 46.215, the NPS completes a Categorical Exclusion Checklist. The NPS’s checklist incorporates the list of extraordinary circumstances found at 43 C.F.R. § 46.215. For example, if an approval fits within the category of projects for which a CX is available, the CX is not be applied if the approved action will, “Have significant impacts on such natural resources and unique geographic characteristics as…wild or scenic rivers;…sole or principal drinking water aquifers; prime farmlands; wetlands; floodplains;…and other ecologically significant or critical areas (43 C.F.R. § 46.215(a)). If the answer to all questions on the checklist is “no,” the NPS applies the CX and no further NEPA documentation is necessary (for detailed discussion, see section 3.5 of the NPS Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis). If the answer to any question on the checklist is “uncertain” or “yes”, the NPS does not apply the CX and completes the NEPA process.
Where the NPS applies a CX, a Decision Memo is prepared for signature and approval by the authorized NPS officer for proposed activities. Decision Memos must identify the decision to be implemented and the reasons for categorically excluding the proposed action. Specifically, the Decision Memo must state the category of the proposed action, the rationale for using the categorical exclusion, and a finding that no extraordinary circumstances exist. Finally, the Decision Memo must indicate a date of implementation, whether the decision is subject to review or appeal, and the applicable regulations.
Certain projects under review for a ROW or a SUA might qualify for categorical exclusion from the NEPA process. A CX is available under 516 DM 12.5(A)(4) for “reissuance/renewal of permits, rights-of-way or easements not involving new environmental impacts.” Although this CX is not used when permitting a new ROW for a transmission line, it is possible that this CX would be used when granting new permission for use of an existing transmission line ROW. In addition, a CX is available under 516 DM 12.5(A)(4) for “conversion of existing permits to rights-of-way, when such conversions do not continue or initiate unsatisfactory environmental conditions.”
9-FD-m.6 – Form Interdisciplinary Team to Complete NEPA Review
The NPS begins the formal NEPA process by forming an interdisciplinary team to conduct the NEPA review. The NPS project manager reviews the proposal and then select the resource specialists for the interdisciplinary team (ID Team) for preparation of the NEPA document. The ID Team may be directly involved in the analysis and writing of specific sections or may work with a consultant that is preparing the document (40 C.F.R. § 1502.6).
9-FD-m.7 - Conduct On-Site Evaluation
If an on-site evaluation has not yet been completed, it is conducted to evaluate the potential impacts from the activity. An on-site evaluation may not be required for activities covered under casual use or categorical exclusion (CE). 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4.
On-Site Evaluation Process: 10 (Transmission)
On-Site Evaluation Process: 10 (Hydropower)
9-FD-m.8– Conduct Scoping Analysis
Scoping begins the first stage of the planning process and closely involves the public with identifying issues, providing resources and other information, and developing planning criteria to guide preparation of the NEPA document. During scoping, the NPS solicits input on the issues and impacts that will be addressed in a NEPA document as well as the degree to which those issues and impacts will be analyzed. Scoping focuses the analysis on significant issues and reasonable alternatives, to eliminate extraneous discussion, and to reduce the length of the EIS. The scoping process is ongoing throughout the early stages of the NEPA process. See 43 C.F.R. § 46.235.
The CEQ Regulations explicitly address the role of scoping in preparation of an EIS and require scoping for preparation of an EIS. However, scoping is optional when preparing an EA. The NPS can choose to use the scoping process when preparing an EA that deals with uncertainty or controversy regarding potential conflicts over the use of resources or the environmental effects of the proposed action. For example, for an EA the NPS may use scoping to identify and eliminate from detailed study the issues that are not significant or that have been covered by prior environmental review. The scoping process provides a transparent way to identify significant environmental issues and to de-emphasize insignificant issues. See 40 C.F.R. § 1501.9.
Scoping must be conducted both internally with appropriate agency staff, and externally with interested and affected public, agencies, tribes, and organizations (40 C.F.R. § 1501.9). Formal public scoping begins following publication of an NOI in the Federal Register. However, informal internal and external scoping may occur before the formal scoping period begins. Internal scoping is simply the use of NPS and cooperating agency staff to help determine what needs to be analyzed in a NEPA document. External scoping involves notification and opportunities for feedback from other agencies, organizations, tribes, local governments, and the public. While formal scoping prior to completing an EA is optional, formal scoping prior to completing an EIS is required. See 40 C.F.R. § 1501.9.
The CEQ regulations at 40 C.F.R. § 1501.9 require the following in an agency’s scoping process:
- Invite participation from affected Federal, state, local, and tribal organizations and interested persons.
- Determine the scope or extent of the EIS and the significant issues to be analyzed. Scoping is valuable in identifying connected, cumulative, and similar actions.
- Eliminate those issues raised that are not related to potentially significant impacts or those that have been covered in other environmental documents.
- Make assignments for preparation of the EIS between the lead and cooperating agencies.
- Identify any environmental documents being prepared that have relevance to, but are not part of, the scope of the EIS.
- Identify other environmental review and consultation requirements.
- Discuss the relationship between the timing of the preparation of the EIS and the NPS’s tentative planning and decision-making schedule.
9-FD-m.9 – Is the Proposed Activity Likely to Have a Significant Effect on the Quality of the Human Environment?
During scoping, the NPS determines the issues to be addressed in either the EA or EIS and identifies any significant issues related to the proposed action that will be considered in the analysis. An EA is required when a proposed action does not have a “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of the human environment, or if the significance of such effect is unknown.” 42 U.S.C. 4336(b). An EIS is required when an action has a “reasonably foreseeable significant effect on the quality of human environment.” 42 U.S.C. 4336(b). If the NPS determines the proposed activity is likely to have a significant effect on the quality of the human environment it will not complete the EA process but instead will complete the more detailed EIS process.
NPS must analyze the potentially affected environment and degree of the effects of the action to determine the significance of the action.
Considerations regarding the potentially affected environment include the size of the affected area (national, regional, or local) and its resources (such as listed species or critical habitat under the Endangered Species Act). Significance varies with the setting of the proposed action. For instance, for a site-specific action, significance would usually depend upon the effects in the locale rather than in the world as a whole. 40 C.F.R. 1501.3.
Analysis of the degree of the effects require NPS to consider:
- Both short- and long term effects;
- Both beneficial and adverse effects;
- Effects on public health and safety; and
- Effects that would violate Federal, State, Tribal, or local environmental laws.
NPS must also examine the types of effects or impacts that are caused by a proposed action to determine whether an action is significant. Effects or impacts are “changes to the human environment from the proposed action or alternatives that are reasonably foreseeable.” 40 C.F.R. 1508.1(g). These include direct effects, which are caused by the action and occur at the same time and place as well as indirect effects, which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still foreseeable. Indirect effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems. 40 C.F.R. 1508.1(g).
Effects or impacts also include cumulative effects, resulting from the incremental effects of the action when added to the effects of other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable actions. Cumulative effects may therefore result from “individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.” 40 C.F.R. 1508.1(g).
9-FD-m.10 – Publish Notice of Intent to Prepare Environmental Assessment (EA)
Under 43 C.F.R. § 46.305 the NPS is required, to the extent practicable, to provide for public notification and involvement during EA preparation. Although there must be some form of public involvement, the NPS has discretion as to the amount and type of public involvement. Examples of public involvement include external scoping, public notification before or during preparation of an EA, public meetings, or public review and comment of the completed EA and unsigned FONSI.
9-FD-m.11 – Was the EA completed upfront?
The developer may prepare an EA or may pay a contractor to prepare an EA (third-party contracting). However, the NPS is ultimately responsible for the scope and content of the EA, and independently evaluates the information submitted and its accuracy, along with the environmental issues. The CEQ provides guidance for contracting EAs and EISs at 40 C.F.R. § 1506.5(b). The CEQ regulations state that an EA must contain brief discussions of the need for the proposal, the alternatives considered, the environmental impacts of the proposed action and alternatives, and a listing of agencies and persons consulted (40 C.F.R. § 1501.5).
Note that proposals are limited to federal actions (40 C.F.R. § 1508.1(q)). NEPA review is not required for entirely non-federal actions. However, if there are impacts on NPS managed resources, it may be useful to develop and suggest alternatives or mitigation for those non-federal actions.
The EA must identify the known and predicted impacts that are related to the issues (40 C.F.R. § 1501.2(b); 40 C.F.R. § 1500.5(d); 40 C.F.R. § 1502.16). An issue differs from an effect; an issue describes an environmental problem or relation between a resource and an action, while impacts analysis predicts the degree to which the resource would be affected upon implementation of an action.
Impacts can be ecological (such as the impacts on natural resources and on the components, structures, and functioning of affected ecosystems), aesthetic, historic, cultural, economic, social, or health. Impacts may also include those resulting from actions that may have both beneficial and detrimental impacts, even if on balance the agency believes that the impacts will be beneficial (40 C.F.R. § 1501.3). The EA should analyze relevant short-term and long-term impacts and disclose both beneficial and detrimental impacts in the NEPA analysis.
9-FD-m.12 to 9-FD-m.16 – Is a Draft EA Required?
When the NPS determines that a public review and comment period is appropriate or to meet NEPA requirements under certain limited circumstances per 40 C.F.R. § 1501.5(e), the NPS must prepare a draft EA. Otherwise, a draft EA is not required, and the NPS can go from analyzing to preparing a proposed EA. If the NPS prepares a draft EA, it must offer a minimum 30-day public comment period, a period that cannot be extended. The NPS must resolve these comments before issuing a decision record.
9-FD-m.17 – Environmental Assessment (EA)
An EA is a concise public document that helps the agency to determine whether an EIS or FONSI is required. It should include a brief assessment of the proposed action and an analysis of the evidence relating to significant environmental impacts. It should also include an analysis of the effects of the proposed action and of the alternatives (see 40 C.F.R. § 1508.1(h)). If the NPS determines that there are no significant environmental impacts after completing the EA, it prepares a FONSI. A FONSI is a document prepared by a federal agency that briefly explains why an action will not have a significant effect on the human environment (see 40 C.F.R. § 1501.6). During the EA process, analysis of environmental impacts may result in a finding that the proposed federal action may cause significant effects to the environment that cannot be mitigated. The NPS official then decides whether NEPA requires the NPS to prepare an EIS.
At the conclusion of the EA process, the NPS issues a final Environmental Assessment. An EA is typically shorter than an EIS, with fewer opportunities for public comment or involvement, and has fewer procedural requirements, generally requiring less time to prepare than an EIS. CEQ suggests that an EA should be between 10 – 15 pages. See CEQ - Forty Most Asked Questions Concerning CEQ's NEPA Regulations. Further, the EA shall not take longer than one year to complete. 42 U.S.C. 4336a (g). If the deadline is not met, a project sponsor may petition to a court. 42 U.S.C. 4336a (g)(3).
9-FD-m.18 to 9-FD-m.19 – Does the NPS Identify a Significant Environmental Impact?
If during the EA process, the NPS determines the proposed activity will have significant environmental impacts, then an EIS must be prepared. If the proposed activity is not likely to cause significant environmental impacts, then the NPS prepares a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI).
A FONSI must succinctly state the reasons for deciding that the action will have no significant environmental effects (40 C.F.R. § 1501.6). The FONSI only needs to provide a basis for the conclusion that the selected alternative(s) will not have a significant effect. Alternatives that are not selected but may have significant effects do not trigger the preparation of an EIS nor do they have to be described in the FONSI.
The EA must be attached to the FONSI or be incorporated by reference into the FONSI (40 C.F.R. § 1501.6). The FONSI must note any other relevant environmental documents related to the findings, and must be signed and dated by the decision-maker (40 C.F.R. § 1501.7 (a)(5) and 40 C.F.R. § 1501.6).
An EA may demonstrate that a proposed action would have effects that are significant but could be reduced or avoided through mitigation. In these instances a mitigated FONSI may be used rather than an EIS if the NPS is able to reasonably conclude, based on the EA analysis, that the mitigation measures would be effective in reducing effects to non-significance. The FONSI must clearly identify whether the mitigation measures are needed to reduce effects to non-significance. The mitigation measures chosen must be included in the decision documentation and must provide monitoring to ensure the implementation of these measures. See NPS Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis, at section 5.4(f).
If a FONSI cannot be signed because there is a significant impact, then an EIS must be prepared. If an EIS is necessary, the NPS publishes a Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare an EIS in the Federal Register. The information assembled and analyzed for preparation of the EA may be integrated into the EIS and used for scoping for the EIS (40 C.F.R. § 1501.6).
9-FD-m.20 – Publish Notice of Intent to Prepare Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
If, during the EA process, the NPS identifies the proposed activity will have significant environmental impacts, then an EIS must be prepared (40 C.F.R. § 1502.4). The EIS process is initiated with publication of a notice of intent (NOI) and requires formal scoping (40 C.F.R. § 1501.9).
"Notice of intent" means a notice that an environmental impact statement will be prepared and considered. The notice must briefly:
- (a) Describe the proposed action and possible alternatives;
- (b) Describe the agency's proposed scoping process including whether, when, and where any scoping meeting will be held; and
- (c) State the name and address of a person within the agency who can answer questions about the proposed action and the environmental impact statement.
Publishing the Notice of Intent (NOI) in the Federal Register begins the formal scoping process and serves as the official legal notice that the NPS plans to develop an EIS. The NOI must include:
- A description of the purpose and need, the draft proposed action, and possible alternatives, if available. For some agency-initiated actions, where the proposed action has not yet been developed in detail, the reason for initiating the EIS must be clearly stated;
- A description of the agency’s proposed scoping process; this should include whether, when, and where any scoping meetings will be held. If the time and place of scoping meetings is not known, the NOI must state how the time and place will be announced;
- The name and address of the agency contact for the proposed action and EIS; and
- For planning documents, also identify preliminary planning issues and planning criteria.
9-FD-m.21 – Hold Scoping Meeting
When preparing an EIS, the NPS holds a scoping meeting to involve the public in identifying issues, providing resources and other information, and developing planning criteria to guide preparation of the NEPA document. If the NPS previously conducted scoping for development of an EA, material from the previously conducted scoping analysis may be incorporated into the scoping analysis for the EIS.
Determining the Scope of the EIS
"Scope" consists of the range of actions, alternatives, and impacts to be considered in an environmental impact statement. The scope of an individual statement may depend on its relationships to other statements (40 C.F.R. § 1508.1(cc), 40 C.F.R. § 1501.(9)). To determine the scope of environmental impact statements, agencies must consider three types of actions, three types of alternatives, and three types of impacts. They include:
(a) Actions (other than unconnected single actions) which may be:
- (1) Connected actions, which means that they are closely related and therefore should be discussed in the same impact statement. Actions are connected if they:
- (i) Automatically trigger other actions which may require environmental impact statements;
- (ii) Cannot or will not proceed unless other actions are taken previously or simultaneously; and/or
- (iii) Are interdependent parts of a larger action and depend on the larger action for their justification.
- (2) Cumulative actions, which when viewed with other proposed actions have cumulatively significant impacts and should therefore be discussed in the same impact statement.
- (3) Similar actions, which when viewed with other reasonably foreseeable or proposed agency actions, have similarities that provide a basis for evaluating their environmental consequences together, such as common timing or geography. The NPS may wish to analyze these actions in the same impact statement. The NPS should do so when the best way to assess adequately the combined impacts of similar actions or reasonable alternatives to such actions is to treat them in a single impact statement.
(b) Alternatives, which include:
- (1) No action alternative;
- (2) Other reasonable courses of actions; and/or
- (3) Mitigation measures (not in the proposed action).
(c) Impacts, which may be:
- (1) Direct;
- (2) Indirect; and/or
- (3) Cumulative.
Formulating Alternatives
The NEPA directs federal agencies to “study, develop, and describe appropriate alternatives to recommended courses of action in any proposal that involves unresolved conflicts concerning alternative uses of available resources…” (NEPA Sec. 102(2)(E)).
The range of alternatives explores ways to meet the purpose and need for the action. The purpose and need statement helps define the range of alternatives. The broader the purpose and need statement, the broader the range of alternatives that must be analyzed. Analysis of alternatives is limited to alternatives that permit the NPS to make a reasoned choice (40 C.F.R. § 1502.14). For some proposals there may exist a very large or even an infinite number of possible reasonable alternatives. When there are potentially a very large number of alternatives, the NPS must analyze only a reasonable number to cover the full spectrum of alternatives (CEQ - Forty Most Asked Questions Concerning CEQ's NEPA Regulations - 1b). When working with cooperating agencies, the range of alternatives may need to reflect the decision space and authority of other agencies, if decisions are being made by more than one agency.
9-FD-m.22 to 9-FD-m.23 – Prepare Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)
An EIS should describe the purpose and need for the proposed action, and discuss all environmental impacts of the proposed federal action, alternatives to the proposed action, and mitigation measures (see 40 C.F.R. § 1502.12 and 40 C.F.R. § 1502.3). Further, the EIS shall not take longer than two years to complete. 42 U.S.C. 4336a (g). If the deadline is not met, a project sponsor may petition to a court. 42 U.S.C. 4336a (g)(3).
After the NPS conducts the scoping analysis it prepares a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS). The CEQ regulations require NEPA documents to be “concise, clear, and to the point” (40 C.F.R. § 1502.1; 40 C.F.R. § 1502.4). Analyses must “focus on significant environmental issues and alternatives” and be useful to the decision-maker and the public (40 C.F.R. § 1500.1). Discussions of impacts are to be proportionate to their significance (40 C.F.R. § 1502.2(b)). Similarly, the description of the affected environment is to be no longer than is necessary to understand the effects of the alternatives (40 C.F.R. § 1502.15). “Most important, NEPA documents must concentrate on the issues that are truly significant to the action in question, rather than amassing needless detail” (40 C.F.R. § 1500.1).
The usual analytical steps for completing an EIS are as follows:
- Accept a proposal regarding an action to be taken.
- Identify the purpose and need for action and describe the proposed action to the extent known.
- Develop a scoping strategy and conduct scoping.
- Identify issues requiring analysis.
- Refine the proposed action.
- Develop reasonable alternatives to the proposed action.
- Identify, gather and synthesize data.
- Analyze and disclose the impacts of each alternative.
- Identify potential mitigation measures to reduce adverse impacts.
9-FD-m.24 – Internal Review and Approval of DEIS
Once the DEIS is complete, the NPS reviews it for adequacy and ensures that it complies with both DOI and CEQ NEPA regulations. Timelines for the review can vary widely between field offices, and the required review process heavily influences the schedule, scope, and budget for the EIS.
See NPS Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis at Section 8.3.
9-FD-m.25 to 9-FD-m.26 – File DEIS with EPA
The NPS publishes public notification of the availability of the DEIS, which includes publication of a Notice of Availability (NOA) in the Federal Register for actions with effects of national concern (40 C.F.R. § 1506.6(b)).
The NPS also files DEIS with the EPA in accordance with DOI procedures. The EPA then publishes notice of the filing in the Federal Register. The date the EPA notice appears in the Federal Register initiates the public review period. The minimum review period is 45 days starting from when EPA publishes the NOA in the Federal Register.
There are no content or format requirements for an NOA other than those associated with the preparation of notices for publication in the Federal Register. In addition to announcing the availability of a document and the public review period, where applicable, the NOA generally identifies the purpose and need of the action, describe the proposed action and alternatives, and indicate the dates and location of public meetings on the document. Consult program-specific guidance for any other content requirements.
See NPS Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis at Section 4.8(c).
9-FD-m.27 to 9-FD-m.28 – Comment on DEIS
After the NPS completes the process for preparing a DEIS and files the DEIS with the EPA, the review period for the DEIS begins. The minimum review period for a DEIS is 45 days from the date the Notice of Availability is published in the Federal Register containing notice of the DEIS (40 C.F.R. § 1506.11(d)). During this period, the NPS solicits public comment, and is required to consider and respond to every comment (40 C.F.R. § 1503.4). The NPS may choose to hold a public hearing if there is substantial controversy concerning the proposed action, substantial interest in holding the hearing, or an agency with jurisdiction over the action requests a hearing supported by reasons why a hearing will be helpful (40 C.F.R. § 1506.6(c)).
9-FD-m.29 to 9-FD-m.30 – Prepare Final EIS (FEIS)
At the conclusion of the EIS process, the NPS issues a final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). CEQ regulations set forth a preferred standard format for EISs found at 40 C.F.R. § 1502.10. FEISs incorporate the contents of the DEIS, and consider and address comments where the NPS has determined required based on NEPA regulations (40 C.F.R. § 1503.4).
9-FD-m.31 to 9-FD-m.33 – Internal Review and Approval of FEIS
The NPS completes another round of internal review and clearance. Once the NPS completes its internal review, it submits the FEIS to the EPA. Notice of completion of the EIS is published by the EPA in a “Notice of Availability of Weekly Receipt of Environmental Impact Statements” in the Federal Register. This begins the 30-day no action period in which the NPS must wait to issue a Record of Decision (ROD) (40 C.F.R. § 1506.10(b)(2)).
See NPS Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis Section 4.8(g).
9-FD-m.34 – Record of Decision (ROD)
After the 30-day no action period, the NPS issues a Record of Decision (ROD) (40 C.F.R. § 1506.10(b)). ROD’s are concise public records of the NPS’s final decisions (40 C.F.R. § 1505.2 and 43 C.F.R. § 46.110). When the NPS issues a ROD it describes the decision and the alternatives considered, the preferred alternative, factors considered, practicable means of avoiding environmental harm and whether the decision adopted the mean, and any monitoring and enforcement program established. In addition, the ROD summarizes public involvement in the NEPA process and how the NPS addressed public comments.
See NPS Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis 6.2.
9-FD-m.35 – Does the Developer Decide to Appeal the Decision?
The developer may decide to file an appeal if the developer believes the NPS’s final decision is adverse or incorrect (43 C.F.R. § 4.700). A decision by NPS, subject to appeal, is not effective during the period of time in which the person may file an appeal (43 C.F.R. § 4.21(a)(1)).
The Department of Interior Board of Land Appeals decides finally for the Department appeals to the head of the Department from decisions rendered by Departmental officials relating to the use and disposition of public lands and their resources, including land selections arising under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 C.F.R. § 4.1).
9-FD-m.36 to 9-FD-m.37 - File Notice of Appeal (NOA) and Petition for Stay
If the developer wishes to appeal the NPS’s final decision, the developer is required to file a Notice of Appeal in the office that made the decision within 30 days of receipt of the decision (43 C.F.R. § 4.701). The burden of proof is on the developer to show that the decision being appealed from is in error. The decision is in full force and effect, and does not provide for an automatic stay. A request for stay must be filed with the NOA. The petition must show sufficient justification based on the following factors:
- The relative harm to the parties if the stay is granted or denied,
- The likelihood of the developer’s success on the merits,
- The likelihood of immediate and irreparable harm if the stay is not granted, and
- Whether the public interest favors granting the stay.
If a stay is granted, BLM will notify the developer that a stay has been granted and will remain in effect until lifted (43 C.F.R. § 4.21(a)-(b)).
Within 15 days after each document is filed, each adverse party named in the decision and the Regional Solicitor or Field Solicitor having jurisdiction over the state in which the appeal arose must be served with a copy of: NOA, Statement of Reasons (SOR), and any other documents. Proof of service is required (43 C.F.R. § 4.413).
9-FD-m.38 to 9-FD-m.39 - File Statement of Reasons (SOR)
Within 30 Days after filing the NOA, the developer must file a complete SOR describing the reason for the appealing. If the SOR is included with the original filing of the NOA, an additional statement is not necessary (43 C.F.R. § 4.412).
Within 15 days adverse parties named in the decision must be served with copies of the additional documents filed with IBLA. Proof of service is required (43 C.F.R. § 4.413).
9-FD-m.40 – Hold Hearing
Any party may file a motion for the Board to refer a case to an administrative law judge for a hearing. Hearings are discretionary. In response to a motion or on its own initiative, the Board may order a hearing if there are:
- (1) Any issues of material fact which, if proved, would alter the disposition of the appeal; or
- (2) Significant factual or legal issues remaining to be decided, and the record without a hearing would be insufficient for resolving them.
9-FD-m.41 - Decision
IBLA reviews and renders a decision on the merits of the case (43 C.F.R. § 4.403).
9-FD-m.42 – Implement and Monitor as Provided in ROD
If the NPS’s final decision is not appealed or if the NPS’s decision is upheld on appeal, the NPS and developer should implement and monitor the final decision as provided in the ROD.
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